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BIOL1046 Human Biology II > Unit 3B: Bone Markings and Joints > Flashcards

Unit 3B: Bone Markings and Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Joints (articulations)

A
  • places of contact between bones, bones and cartilage, or bones and teeth
  • bones articulate at a joint
  • classified by structure and function
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2
Q

Arthrology

A

study of joints

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3
Q

Functional Classifications of Joints (based on mobility)

A

Synarthroses
Amphiarthroses
Diarthroses

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4
Q

Synarthroses

A
  • Immobile joints
  • can be fibrous or cartilaginous joints
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5
Q

Amphiarthroses

A
  • slightly mobile joints
  • can be fibrous or cartilaginous joints
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6
Q

Diarthroses

A
  • freely moveable joints
  • all synovial joints
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7
Q

Range of motion at joints

A
  • Motion ranges from no movement to extensive movement
  • a structure of each joint determines its mobility and stability
  • inverse relationship (tradeoff) between mobility and stability
  • e.g. skull sutures are immobile but very stable, shoulder joint is highly moveable, but not very stable
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8
Q

Structural Classifications of Joints (based on composition)

A
  1. Fibrous Joint - Bones held together by dense connective tissue
  2. Cartilaginous Joint - Bones joined by cartilage
  3. Synovial Joint - Bones joined by ligaments with fluid-filled joint cavity
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9
Q

Fibrous Joints

A
  • Held together by dense connective tissue
  • No joint cavity
  • Immobile or only slightly mobile (synarthroses or amphiarthroses)
  • Three most common types: Gomphoses, Sutures, Syndesmoses
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10
Q

Gomphoses

A
  • “peg in a socket”
  • Articulations of teeth with sockets of mandible and maxillae
    Tooth held in place by fibrous periodontal membranes
  • Function as synarthroses
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11
Q

Sutures

A
  • very short fibers
  • found between some skull bones
  • interlocking, irregular edges (increase stability and decrease risk of fracture)
  • Function as synarthroses
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12
Q

Syndesmoses

A
  • bound by interosseous membrane (broad ligamentous sheet)
  • found between radius and ulna and between tibia and fibula
  • function as amphiarthroses (provide pivot for two long bones)
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13
Q

Cartilaginous Joint

A
  • Bones joined by cartilage - either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
  • No joint cavity
  • Immobile or slightly mobile (synarthroses or amphiarthroses)
  • Two types: Synchondroses, Symphyses
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14
Q

Synchondroses

A
  • Bones joined by hyaline cartilage
  • function as synarthroses
  • e.g. joint between first rib and sternum
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15
Q

Symphyses

A
  • Bones joined by pads of fibrocartilage
  • Resist compression and act as shock absorbers
  • Function as amphiarthroses
  • e.g. pubic symphysis, intervertebral joint
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16
Q

Synovial Joint

A
  • Bones joined by ligaments (fibrous connective tissue)
  • Have a fluid-filled joint cavity separating the bones
  • All are freely mobile (diarthrosis)
  • Include most joints in the body
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17
Q

Components of Synovial Joints:
Articular Capsule (joint capsule) Outer Fibrous Layer

A
  • Formed from dense irregular connective tissue
  • Function: strengthen joints to prevent bones being pulled apart
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18
Q

Components of Synovial Joints:
Articular Capsule (joint capsule) Inner Synovial Membrane

A
  • Composed primary of areolar connective tissue
  • Covers internal joint surfaces not covered by cartilage
  • Function: contains and helps produce synovial fluid (viscous, oily substance)
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19
Q

Components of Synovial Joints:
Articular Cartilage

A
  • Hyaline cartilage on bone surface at joint
  • Lacks a perichondrium
  • Avascular
  • Functions: reduces friction during movement, acts as a cushion to absorb joint compression, prevents damage to articulating ends of bones
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20
Q

Joint Cavity

A
  • Space between articulating bones
  • Lined by synovial membrane secreting synovial fluid
  • Functions: lubricates articular cartilage on articulating surfaces, nourishes the chondrocytes of articular cartilage, acts as a shock absorber
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21
Q

Ligaments

A
  • Dense irregular connective tissue
  • Connect one bone to another
  • Functions: stabilize, strengthen, and reinforce synovial joints
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22
Q

Extrinsic Ligaments

A

Outside of articular capsule

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23
Q

Intrinsic Ligaments

A

Within the articular capsule

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24
Q

Sensory receptors (nerves) and blood vessels

A
  • Numerous in synovial joints
  • Receptors detect painful stimuli, report on movement and stretch
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25
Q

Tendons

A
  • composed of dense regular connective tissue
  • Functions: attach muscle to bone, help stabilize joints
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26
Q

Bursae

A
  • fibrous, saclike structures containing synovial fluid
  • lined internally by synovial membrane
  • found where bones, ligaments, muscles, skin, or tendons rub together
  • Function is to reduce friction
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27
Q

Tendon Sheaths

A
  • elongated bursae
  • common in wrist and ankle
  • function: wrap around tendons where friction is excessive (reduces friction)
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28
Q

Fat Pads

A
  • can fill spaces in joints
  • can change shape when joint shape changes
  • function: acts as protective packing material in the joint periphery
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29
Q

Factors Affecting the Stability of Joints: Shape of Articular Surfaces

A
  • Bones fit together like puzzle pieces
  • The more pronounced the “grooves” and projections, the more stable the joint (e.g. hip joint)
30
Q

Factors Affecting the Stability of Joints: Ligaments

A
  • Fibrous connective tissue joint bone to bone
  • Relatively short fibres that hold the bones together
  • Avascular
31
Q

Factors Affecting the Stability of Joints: Tendons

A
  • Not actually part of the joint
  • Attach muscle to bone
  • Strength of muscle determines how much stability is added to the joint
32
Q

Uniaxial Joint

A

Bones move in just one plane or axis

33
Q

Biaxial Joint

A

Bone moves in two planes or axes

34
Q

Multiaxial Joint

A

Bone moves in multiple planes or axes

35
Q

Plane Joint

A
  • Articular surfaces flat
  • Simplest, least mobile synovial articulation
  • Uniaxial: limited side-to-side gliding movement in a single plane (e.g. intercarpal joints)
36
Q

Hinge Joint

A
  • Convex surface within concave depression
  • Uniaxial: like the hinge of a door (e.g. elbow, knee)
37
Q

Pivot Joint

A
  • Bone with a rounded surface fits into ligament ring
  • Uniaxial joint: rotation on the longitudinal axis (e.g. Atlanto-axial joint - head on the neck)
38
Q

Condylar Joint

A
  • Oval, convex surface articulating with concave surface
  • Biaxial (e.g. metacarpophalangeal joints)
39
Q

Saddle Joint

A
  • Convex and concave surfaces resembling saddle shape
  • Biaxial (e.g. carpometacarpal joint of the thumb)
40
Q

Ball-and-socket Joint

A
  • spherical head of one bone fitting into a cuplike socket
  • multiaxial, permitting movement in three planes
  • The most freely mobile type of joint (e.g. hp, shoulder)
41
Q

Gliding Motion

A
  • two opposing surfaces sliding back and forth or side-to-side
  • only limited movement is possible in any direction
  • Typically occurs along plane joints
42
Q

Agular Motion

A
  • increases or decreases the angle between two bones
  • includes: flexion, extension, hyperextension, lateral flexion, abduction, adduction, and circumduction
43
Q

Rotational Motion

A
  • Bone pivots on its longitudinal axis
  • Includes: lateral and medial rotation, pronation, supination
44
Q

Special Movements

A
  • do not readily fit other functional categories
45
Q

Flexion

A
  • Movement in an anterior-posterior plane
  • Decreases the angle between bones: brings bones closer together than in anatomic position
  • e.g. bending finger, bending elbow
46
Q

Extension

A
  • Also in anterior-posterior plane, but opposite of flexion
  • Increases angle between articulating bones
  • e.g. straightening your fingers after making a fist
47
Q

Hyperextension

A
  • Extension beyond normal range of motion or beyond normal anatomic position
  • Possible with extensively mobile joints or an injury
  • e.g. tilting head back to look at ceiling
48
Q

Lateral Flexion

A
  • Trunk of body moving in coronal plane laterally
  • Occurs between vertebrae in the cervical and lumbar region
  • e.g. bending sideways to scratch your ankle
49
Q

Abduction

A
  • Lateral movement of body part away from the midline
  • e.g. arm or thigh moved laterally from body midline
50
Q

Adduction

A
  • Medial movement of body part toward midline
  • e.g. arm or thigh brought back toward midline
51
Q

Circumduction

A
  • Proximal end of appendage relatively stationary
  • Distal end makes a circular motion
  • Movement makes an imaginary cone shape
  • e.g. drawing a circle on the black board
52
Q

Lateral Rotation

A

Turns anterior surface of bone laterally

53
Q

Medial Rotation

A

Turns anterior surface of bone medially

54
Q

Pronation

A

Medial rotation of forearm so pal of hand posterior

55
Q

Supination

A

Lateral rotation of forearm so palm of hand anterior

56
Q

Depression

A
  • Inferior movement of body part
  • e.g. movement of the mandible while opening the mouth
57
Q

Elevation

A
  • Superior movement of body part
  • e.g. movement of mandible when closing mouth
58
Q

Dorsiflexion

A
  • Limited to the ankle joint
  • Talocrural (ankle) joint bent so the dorsum (superior surface) of foot moves toward the leg
  • e.g. lifting foot off gas pedal
59
Q

Plantar Flexion

A
  • Talocrural joint bent so dorsum pointed inferiorly
  • e.g. ballerina on tiptoes in fall plantar flexion
60
Q

Eversion

A
  • Occurs only at intertarsal joints of the foot
  • Sole turns laterally
61
Q

Inversion

A
  • Occurs only at intertarsal joints of the foot
  • Sole turns medially
62
Q

Protraction

A
  • Anterior movement from anatomic position
  • e.g. jutting jaw anteriorly at temporomandibular joint
63
Q

Retraction

A
  • Posterior movement from anatomic position
  • e.g. pulling in jaw posteriorly at temporomandibular joint
64
Q

Opposition

A
  • Movement of thumb toward tips of fingers at carpometacarpal joint
  • Enables the thumb to grasp objects
65
Q

Reposition

A

Opposite Movement

66
Q

Development of Joints

A
  • Joints start to form by sixth week of development
  • Develop from mesoderm
  • Epiphyseal growth plates in long bones to allow growth until adulthood
67
Q

Maintenance of Joint Health Through Adulthood: Exercise

A
  • Increases flow of synovial fluid to chondrocytes
  • Strengthens muscles that support and stabilize joints
  • In extreme, may aggravate potential joint problems and may worsen osteoarthritis
68
Q

Aging of Joints - Arthritis

A
  • Primary problem of aging joint due to wear and tear
  • Rheumatic disease involving damage to articular cartilage
69
Q

Osteoarthritis

A
  • Primary problem of aging joint due to wear and tear
70
Q

Gouty Arthritis

A
  • Typically seen in middle-aged or older males
  • Due to increased levels of uric acid
71
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A
  • Seen in younger to middle-aged adults, often women
  • Autoimmune disorder
  • Starts with synovial membrane inflammation
72
Q

Surface Features of a Bone

A
  • Projections are created by attachments of ligaments and muscle that pull on the bone
  • Depressions often form where bones articulate
  • Openings are places where blood vessels or nerves enter/exit the bone

BIOL1046 Human Biology II (14 decks)

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