Unit 4 Flashcards
(23 cards)
Describe three changes in friendships across adulthood. Consider numbers, networks, and functions.
Young adulthood: Starts with large networks, large peripheral, friend of friends
Middle adulthood: Friend of spouse’s friends, higher density in network, smaller peripheral, smaller overall network. Friendships endure despite lack of contact with friends. More connected and spend more time in smaller circles.
Late adulthood: In late adulthood social networks become even smaller with reduced contact. Selective theory: This selective narrowing of social interaction maximizes positive emotional experiences and minimizes emotional risks as individuals become older.
What types of themes are seen for friendships?
Affective of emotional basis for the friendship, shared and sociability and compatibility.
Affect or emotional basis that is based on trust, intimacy, support and loyalty.
Shared communities & interest
Sociability & compatibility
Compare and contrast activity and disengagement theories.
What is SST? How is it fit the SOC model? In what ways does it incorporate activity and disengagement theories?
Describe three differences between men and women where their friendships are concerned.
What is homogamy? How does it relate to assortative mating?
The degree to which people are similar
Shared values, goals & interests
Assortative mating:
We select a romantic partner in genetic cues because they are similar to us. It states people find partners based on their similarity to each other. It occurs along many dimensions including education, religious beliefs, physical traits, age, intelligence etc.
What is the battered woman syndrome? (should it be called battered “woman”?) What micro- and macro-system issues play a role in it?
Battered woman syndrome:
A situation in which a woman believes she cannot leave an abusive relationship & where she may even go as far as to kill her abuser
Microsystem issues that play a role are: isolation(???????????????????????????????????????)
Macrosystem issues that play a role are: values/beliefs of people around you as well as the views on women as well as laws & policies
In what way has singlehood changed historically? How have these changes affected single people? Under what conditions is staying single a problem for someone?
It’s more common and for a later age than before…
More men than women are single, there’s ethnic variation (pressure), in some cultures people stay single their whole life.
Before women did not feel complete without a man & men felt they needed to have a woman because societal norms
What types of cohabitation are seen across the world? What is most common in Sweden? Under what conditions is cohabitation related to relationship health?
Limited cohabitation, premarital cohabitation and substitute marriage.
In Scandinavia cohabitation is common & especially in older adults. Some see it as a trial to see if they fit before marriage.
Where marriage (pair bonding) is concerned, what contributes to a successful relationship? What are the signs that a marriage is in trouble? When is marital satisfaction highest? Lowest? Why?
The age of the people who are married
homogamy meaning how similar the pair is to each other
as well as the feelings of equality in the marriage.
Signs that a divorce is more likely to happen for a couple is criticism, contempt,
defensiveness and stonewalling.
4 horsemen:
Criticism – ad homimem attack, attack the person
Contempt – single greatest predictor
Defensiveness – one person more defensive
Stonewalling – putting up walls, refuse to talk
Marital satisfaction is at its highest after retirement, for some the satisfaction is even higher then, than it was during the honeymoon after the marriage. Marital satisfaction is at its lowest when children are school-aged…
What are the psychological effects of divorce? Of losing a spouse through death? When are these effects more likely?
Psychological effects of divorce depend on timing and who initiates the divorce. If the … economic effects of divorce are that there is often more difficulties for women than men. There’s also an effect called hangover which means having trouble to let go of the relationship.
Losing a spouse through death is often a traumatic event for the partner, it increases the risk of death for the partner and they’re more vulnerable to losing part of their network.
When??
Effects of divorce:
Hangover – one part is unable to let go
Psychological – depends on timing & who initiates it. In middle adulthood if it’s the women, they often do it for themselves & self-focus, lead to growth. If your not the one initiating, lead to rumination & feelings of vulnerability
Losing a spouse – traumatic event, feeling like life is over. The social network can be damaged if it’s connected to the spouse
Prolonged grief – young adulthood
Also if it’s sudden
Describe recent changes in parenthood. What are some changes seen across adulthood in parenthood?
There is a lot of variation in parenthood, in timing, biological relatedness, partners, number of children for example. Some changes are that we used to have children earlier, today women tend to wait longer.
Describe four conclusions researchers have come to about grandparenthood.
That relationship varies, that it’s a relatively new role, that for most it’s a very meaningful and satisfying role.
Remote relationship – bad relationship, life far apart, don’t have an influence on the child’s development
Companionate relationship – warm relationship, loving but glad to not have child full time
Involved relationship – take care of the child, live in the same household
What is career construction theory? What are two ideas that fit this theory?
Career construction theory posits people build careers through their own actions that result from the interface of their own personal characteristics & the social context.
What people do for work results from how they adapt to their environment that in turn is a result of bio-psychosocial processes grounded in the collection of experiences they have during their life.
What is a developmental coach? A mentor? How do they help a person with their career?
A developmental coach is an individual who helps a person focus on their goals, motivations & aspirations to help them achieve focus & apply them appropriately.
A mentor is part teacher, sponsor, model & counselor who facilitates on the job learning to help the new hire do the work required in his or her present role & to prepare for future career roles.
Although mentors & coaches work with people at all career stages, mentoring is found most often with people new to a position, whereas coaching tends to focus on those with more experience.
Mentors are coworkers who teaches unwritten rules…
What are the most common reasons people change their occupations? Who is more likely to do so? When is career change associated with psychological adjustment? When is it not?
The common reasons people change occupations can be divided into voluntary or involuntary reasons.
When we are forced it often leads to anxiety, financial pressure, loss of self-esteem & change in family.
When voluntary it is more controllable and leads to feeling of satisfaction.
(career construction theory?)
What are common stereotypes about older workers? What is some evidence that these stereotypes are wrong?
Describe four reasons for retirement. How are these reasons tied to well-being?
Imagine that the government plans on a law forcing all people to retire at age 65. Write to the lawmakers—arguing for or against this law. Support your arguments with research.
What is the difference between crisp and blurred retirement? Which is better for a person’s adjustment?
Blurred retirement can be those who decide to work part-time still for example 10%, or who retire gradually
Crips retirement is when you stop working abruptly.
What is burnout? What seems to cause it? Why is it a psychologial and physical health risk?
Burnout is a depletion of a person’s energy & motivation, the loss of occupational idealism, & the feeling that one is being exploited
Burnout increases with age & years on the job. It negatively affects the quality of the services people are supposed to receive from the burnet-out employee.
Burnout has several bad effects on the brain, less ability to regulate negative emotions resulting from weakened connections between the amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex and prefrontal cortex. Poorer judgement and emotional outbursts.
Passion is strong inclination towards valued activities, how time and energy is invested. Obsessive passion: negative because it makes investment in other activities difficult. Linked to conflict and more burnout.
What are two types of passion for work? How are they related to well-being?
Obsessive passion and harmonious passion for work exists, obsessive is when you focus all your energy in to the work, love the work and focus on it. Harmonious is when you freely choose to engage with your work.
Obsessive passion makes you more prone to burnout as well as it’s linked to more conflict and negative impact on well-being. Whereas harmonious passion makes you less prone to burnout and is more linked to satisfaction and therefore positive impact on well-being.
What are the psychological benefits of leisure activities?
Psychological benefits of leisure activities is it enhances all aspects of life, it promotes enjoyment, predicts satisfaction and promote well-being.
