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biology 197 > UNIT 4 > Flashcards

UNIT 4 Flashcards

1
Q

neurons that receive information and pass it along

A

sensory neurons

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2
Q

neurons that act as an intermediate by conducting a signal from sensory neurons

A

interneurons

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3
Q

neurons that affect physiological change or movement in response to signal from sensory neurons

A

motor neurons

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4
Q

neurons that are often supported by helper cells

A

glial cells

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5
Q

clusters of neuron cell bodies that act as a signal processing point

A

ganglia

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6
Q

where signal from dendrite is summed at

A

axon hillock

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7
Q

transmits neuron signal

A

axon

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8
Q

part of neuron that receives signal

A

dendrite

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9
Q

narrow gap between an axon of one neuron and a dendrite of another

A

synaptic cleft

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10
Q

the entire structure of the presynaptic axon terminal, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic dendrite

A

synapse

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11
Q

an insulating layer, or sheath that forms around nerves

A

myelin sheath

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12
Q

part of nervous system that comprises the brain and spinal cord

A

central nervous system

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13
Q

part of nervous system that comprises cranial and spinal nerves

A

peripheral nervous system

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14
Q

direct activation of a motor neuron by a signal from a sensory neuron

A

simple reflex

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15
Q

region of the retina where the sharpest focus of the image will occur

A

fovea

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16
Q

light receptor proteins that react to photons of light and change their shape

A

opsins

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17
Q

detects color and more precise focus of images

A

cones

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18
Q

detects gray but are better at detecting movement

A

rods

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19
Q

muscles involved in movement

A

skeletal muscles

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20
Q

fibrous cells found in the heart

A

cardiac muscle

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21
Q

muscles that perform involuntary and frequent functions

A

smooth muscles

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22
Q

bones begin as ______ and calcify over time

A

cartilage

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23
Q

____ _____ of bones expands cartilage

A

growth plates

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24
Q

bones also act as storehouse for ________

A

calcium

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25
the air or water is passed over the respiratory surfaces by a process called what
ventilation
26
network of tubes that branch throughout the body
tracheal systems
27
Muscular organ that pumps blood through blood vessels
Heart
28
Blood vessels that take blood from the heart towards capillary beds
Arteries
29
Smaller branches of arteries
Arterioles
30
Blood vessels that pump blood from capillary beds to heart
Veins
31
Smaller branches of veins
Venules
32
Collects blood from veins
Atrium
33
Pumps blood to arteries
Ventricle
34
Deoxygenated blood collects in the ________
Right atrium
35
molecules recognized by an immune system
antigen
36
molecules produced by the immune system that bind to antigens
immunoglobulins
37
immunity that you are born with. doesn't recognize individual types of bacteria, just distinguish between self and not self
innate immunity
38
immunity that depends on specific traits of a particular pathogen
adaptive response
39
molecular pedestal on which cells present antigens
major histocompatability complelx (MHC)
40
all nucleate cells produce antigens of small proteins found inside cell
MHC class I
41
only professional antigen presenting cells produce and it is used to present antigens from pathogen and that was taken up by phagocytosis
MHC class II
42
large phagocytic ccell
macrophages
43
most common antigen presenting cell
dendritic cells
44
phagocytic cell that can also deliver harmful chemicals by vesicles
neutrophils
45
cells that coordinate immune responses
helper T cells
46
immune cells that kill cells infected with pathogens
cytotoxic T cells
47
cells that look for cells not producing MHC I molecules and kills those cells
natural killer cells
48
cells that produce antibodies that bind to specific antigens
B cells
49
proteins that bind to antigens
antibodies
50
areas where antigen presenting cells are stored
lymph nodes
51
specialized antibody producing cell
plasma cell
52
present antigens as purified molecules, on dead pathogens, or on pathogens that have been altered so that they cannot cause disease
vaccines
53
organisms that extensively eat plants
herbivores
54
organisms that extensively eat animals
carnivore
55
organisms that eat both plants and animals
omnivores
56
what do calories measure
energy
57
molecules that aid in biological processes
vitamins
58
inorganic nutrients
minerals
59
what is the main symptom of scurvy
connective tissue disease
60
what is rickets caused by
lack of vitamin D
61
what are the four steps of processing food
ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination
62
Humans perform negative pressure ventilation through the action of which particular body part?
diaphragm
63
The presence of which mineral allows hemoglobin to bind oxygen efficiently?
iron
64
In addition to cholesterol concentrations in the blood, what other factor plays a significant role in atherosclerosis?
chronic inflammation
65
A blood vessel positioned to carry blood from the heart towards capillaries is called what?
an artery
66
Which component of blood is known as leukocytes?
white blood cells
67
Which organ in the human digestive system is involved in significant amounts of both digestion and absorption?
small intestine
68
Which accessory organ serves as a storage space for bile?
gallbladder
69
Which of the neuron types is involved in passing along signals generated by other neurons and in processing information?
interneurons
70
Which of the neuron types is associated with muscle cells and plays a part in movement?
motor neurons
71
Which part of a neuron has receptors that receive external signals?
dendrites
72
Humans have taste buds that detect how many distinct flavors?
5
73
What is the region of the retina that has a high concentration of cones and provides the clearest focused vision?
fovea
74
Which of the types of muscle tissue is typically involved in slow, gradual, involuntary muscle contractions?
smooth muscle
75
Which protein that is important in the cytoskeleton of animal cells is essential in muscle contraction?
actin
76
signaling molecules that act as ligands to cell receptors
hormones
77
proteins that serve as signaling molecules
polypeptides
78
hormones that are synthesized from a single amino acid
amines
79
hormones that are based on cholesterol and have four ring structures
steroids
80
regulates sleep patterns
pineal gland
81
closely associated structurally and functionally with the pituitary gland
hypothalamus
82
hormones from the hypothalamus regulate ______ activity
pituitary
83
divided into anterior and posterior function and has a wide range of effects across multiple systems
pituitary gland
84
main regulator of metabolic function
thyroid gland
85
_____ disorders can cause too high or too low metabolism
thyroid
86
adjacent to the thyroid gland and works with the thyroid to regulate calcium
parathyroid
87
releases epinephrine and norepinephrine
adrenal glands
88
glands responsible for fight or flight responses and regulating reabsorption of Na+ and K+ in kidneys
adrenal glands
89
plays a role in digestion and secretes insulin
pancreas
90
involved in the growth of uterine lining during pregnancy
progestins
91
produces androgens
testes
92
extension of the hypothalamus and secretes neurohormones
posterior pituitary
93
unique gland that is regulated by hormones released by the hypothalamus
anterior pituitary

biology 197 (3 decks)

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