😡🖕Unit 4🖕😡 Flashcards
When energy is converted into a new form, what always happens
Some if that energy is lost as heat energy
What happens during an exergonic reaction?
Energy exits
Products have less energy than reactants
What happens during Endergonic reactions
Energy enters
Products will have more energy than the reactants
What happens to molecules when they are phosphorylated
An phosphate from an ATP is transferred to another molecule giving it energy or energizing it.
In photosynthesis what is being oxidized and what is being reduced
H2O is oxidized
CO2 is reduced
Electrons will gain energy
What is being oxidized and reduced in cellular respiration
Glucose is oxidized
O2 is reduced
Elections loose potential energy
Do most cells of most organisms harvest energy aerobically or anaerobically
Aerobically
What does cellular respiration eventually yield
CO2
H2O
Large amounts of ATP
What is the internal structure of the mitochondria
The inner membrane - location of ETC
Cristae - not important for now
Matrix - location of Kreb’s cycle (citric acid cycle)
General overview of glycolysis
Breaks down glucose, releases small amounts of ATP
General overview of Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)
Completes breakdown of glucose and generates CO2 and small amounts of ATP
General overview of ETC
An electron gets pulled through a chain by oxygen, and H+ ions get flung up a gradient
In glycolysis, when glucose (a 6 carbon molecule) is broken down, what is it broken down into?
In two molecules of a 3 carbon compound called pyruvate
Inputs and outputs if Glycolysis
Inputs: glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+
Outputs: 2 pyruvate, 4 ATP (net gain of 2), 2 NADH
In alcoholic fermentation, what is pyruvate being converted into
CO2 and ethanol
What is pyruvate converted into in lactic acid fermentation
Lactate
What happens in the Link Reaction right before the Kreb’s Cycle
Each pyruvate is broken down to form CO2 (waste) and a two carbon acetyl group (acetyl CoA), which then enters the Kreb’s Cycle
What is the main goal of the Kreb’s Cycle
Completes the oxidation of organic fuel and generates many NADH and FADH2 molecules, supplying the electron transport chain with the electrons.
Kreb’s cycle inputs and outputs
Inputs: 2 pyruvate-Acetyl CoA, 6 NAD+, 2 FAD, 2 ADP
Outputs: CO2 (waste), 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP
What happens in Oxidative phosphorylation (ETC and Chemiosmosis)
ETC: electrons from the electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) travel down the electron transport chain to oxygen. *Energy released by electrons pumps H+ into spaces between the membranes
Chemiosmosis: H+ ions diffuse across the inner mitochondrial membrane through ATP synthase, which captures energy to make ATP
Inputs and outputs if oxidative phosphorylation
Inputs: oxygen, NADH, FADH2, ADP
Outputs: H2O, NAD+, FAD, LOTS of ATP
Give a brief summary of cellular respiration
Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate
Pyruvate is made into acetyl CoA (releasing CO2)
Kreb’s cycle uses Acetyl-CoA and produces 2 ATP, more CO2, and a lot of electrons carried by NADH and FADH2
Finally the ETC uses electrons from NADH and FADH2 to power the production of ATP molecules
1 glucose molecule = 38 ATP
Give the equation for photosynthesis
6 CO2 + 6 H2O —> —>C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Carbon dioxide + water —> Glucose + oxygen
Which organelle in a plant cell is responsible for absorbing light
Chloroplast, it’s essentially the mitochondria of photosynthesis
