unit 4

Question 1

where is gametogenesis stored?

Answer 1

testes (seminiferous tubules)

Question 2

where do sperm go to mature and be stored?

Answer 2

epididymis

Question 3

what does the primary spermatocyte cell do?

Answer 3

meiosis

Question 4

monomer of nucleic acids

Answer 4

nucleotide

Question 5

What 3 parts to all nucleotides have?

Answer 5

a phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base

Question 6

how many rings in purines?

Answer 6

2

Question 7

how many rings in pyrimidines?

Answer 7

1

Question 8

what bond links nucleotides?

Answer 8

phosphodiester bond

Question 9

explain Chargaff’s ratio

Answer 9

ratio of A:T is always around 1, and the ratio of G:C is always around 1

Question 10

what types of bonds are formed between the bases in double stranded DNA?

Answer 10

hydrogen bonds

Question 11

One base is changed in the DNA sequence, but it doesn’t change the amino acid sequence

Answer 11

silent mutation

Question 12

one base is changed in the DNA sequence that changes one amino acid in the sequence

Answer 12

missense mutation

Question 13

one base is changed in the DNA sequence that changes one amino acid to a stop codon

Answer 13

nonsense mutation

Question 14

addition of 1-2 bases in the DNA sequence, produces a different amino acid sequence

Answer 14

Frameshift

Question 15

What are the 3 models of DNA replication?

Answer 15

conservative, dispersive, and semiconservative

Question 16

explain conservative DNA replication

Answer 16

results in 2 DNA copies - one made of entirely new DNA and another made of the old DNA strands

Question 17

explain semi-conservative DNA replication

Answer 17

results in 2 DNA copies, each with one strand of old DNA and one strand of new DNA

Question 18

explain dispersive DNA replication

Answer 18

results in 2 DNA copies, each strand contains some new and old DNA

Question 19

What is the correct DNA replication model?

Answer 19

Semi-conservative model

Question 20

what enzyme makes DNA

Answer 20

DNA polymerase

Question 21

How does DNA polymerase make DNA?

Answer 21

adds nucleotides onto the end of a nucleic acid (primer)

Question 22

what strand is continuous in DNA replication?

Answer 22

leading strand

Question 23

what strand is discontinuous in DNA replication?

Answer 23

lagging strand

Question 24

what does DNA helicase do?

Answer 24

separates DNA strands by breaking hydrogen bonds

Question 25

What type of mutation is sickle cell anemia?

Answer 25

missense

Question 26

what is the goal of mitosis?

Answer 26

to generate two daughter cells identical to mother cell in chromosome content

Question 27

What phase of mitosis does DNA replication occur?

Answer 27

S phase (technically before mitosis begins)

Question 28

Define homologous chromosomes

Answer 28

same genes in same order on chromosome, but DNA sequences aren't identical

Question 29

define sister chromatids

Answer 29

when 1 chromosome is replicated and now you have 2 copies of that chromosome

Question 30

what are the 5 stages of mitosis?

Answer 30

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Question 31

what is the mitotic spindle made of?

Answer 31

microtubules

Question 32

What are the mitotic spindles responsible for during mitosis?

Answer 32

separating chromosomes

Question 33

what happens in prophase in mitosis?

Answer 33

duplicated chromosomes condense

Question 34

what is the kinetochore

Answer 34

a protein structure formed at the centromere

Question 35

where are sister chromosomes joined?

Answer 35

at the centromere

Question 36

what happens in prometaphase in mitosis?

Answer 36

- nuclear envelope completely fragments - spindle fiber microtubules attach to centromere/kinetochore

Question 37

what happens in metaphase in mitosis?

Answer 37

-chromosomes move back and forth until lined up at metaphase plate -in a line in the middle

Question 38

what happens in anaphase in mitosis?

Answer 38

- sister chromatids begin to be separated and move towards opposite poles

Question 39

what happens in telophase in mitosis?

Answer 39

- chromosomes arrive at poles

Question 40

cytokinesis

Answer 40

- making two cells from one

Question 41

how do plants do cytokinesis?

Answer 41

- make cell plate

Question 42

how do animals do cytokinesis?

Answer 42

- squeeze off the middle using actin filaments

Question 43

what is the goal of meiosis?

Answer 43

Start out with a cell with two copies of each chromosome (diploid) (like a primary spermatocyte) -Want to produce four cells, each with one copy of each chromosome (haploid) (like sperm)

Question 44

what happens in prophase I in meisosis?

Answer 44

make bivalent / crossing over

Question 45

does crossing over occur in mitosis or meiosis?

Answer 45

meiosis

Question 46

what happens in meiosis I?

Answer 46

prophase I, pairs of homologous chromosomes migrate to metaphase plate, homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles - end up in opposite cells after cytokinesis

Question 47

what happens in meiosis II?

Answer 47

sister chromatids are separated into different cells -outcome is 4 cells, each haploid,