Unit 4 (1470-1750)

Question 0

Colombian exchange

Answer 0

•Increase in livestock (America free of natural predators)
•Movement of goods to new areas
•spread of diseases
•American crops in the east caused population growth
•silver
-Mexico and Peru : fueled transatlantic and transpacific commerce, encouraged Spain’s unsuccessful effort to conquer Europe, enabled Europeans to buy luxurious Chinese goods

Ultimately created an enormous interacting Atlantic world trade connecting 4 continents. Connected E and W hemispheres.

Question 1

What are some new elements in WW trade that are different from 600-1450?

Answer 1

More WW than before

Question 2

Trade order in Asia

Answer 2

Portuguese—>Dutch—>English

Question 3

Problems with global trade

Answer 3

Diseases, slaves

Question 4

Reasons Japan limited trade

Answer 4

To stop western culture and ideas from spreading

•especially Christianity

Question 5

Mercantilism

Answer 5

To export as much as possible while importing as little as possible
Abuse of colonies for resources

Question 6

Why did Spain lose dominance in World Trade?

Answer 6

They had spent too much money on war and religion

Question 7

Leader in cotton trade/cotton King in 1700s

Answer 7

India

Question 8

Portuguese trade forts

Answer 8

Established with the agreement of license of local rulers. Allowed access to Africa and Asia, were not able to disrupt Muslim trade completely.

Question 9

Triangular Trade

Answer 9

Slaves, sugar, molasses
England and Africa with Americas
Atlantic Ocean trade

Question 10

Gov’t of Ottoman Empire

Answer 10

• Bureaucracy with a Sultan
• Muslim institutions
• Siyaset system of punishment
• Great accessibility to centralized power

Question 11

Ottoman Empire : religion

Answer 11

Tolerant
Mostly Islam
Millet system

Question 12

Ottoman Empire : Decline reasoning

Answer 12

Empire fell after Treaty of Versailles (sided with Germany in WWI). Ottoman borders were pushed back significantly to modern day turkey.

Question 13

Which social class did not benefit from reforms (Ottoman Empire)?

Answer 13

Peasants

Question 14

Ottoman navy

Answer 14

?¿

Question 15

Babur’s goals

Answer 15

Empire building

Question 16

Sikhism

Answer 16

Founder : Guru Nanak
Blend of Islam and Hinduism
Began as a peaceful religious movement and became a militant community due to persecution from Mughals and Hindu neighbors

Question 17

Taj Majal

Answer 17

Piece of Mughal architecture
Blend of Islamic, Persian, Ottoman, Turkish, and Indian architectural styles
Commissioned in 1632 by Shah Jahan

Question 18

Impact of Akbar’s policies

Answer 18

• established centralized system of administration throughout empire
• religious tolerance

Question 19

Compare Ottomans vs Mughals

Answer 19

Ottomans:
-Local gov'ts
-Checks and balances
-Janissaries
-Anyone could rise in status
 (Social mobility)
-Majority were Muslim
-Other monotheistic religions prevalent

Mughals:

• Emperor with absolute authority
• Mansabdari system
• Feudal system
• Only Muslims could rise to power
• Majority were Hindu

Both:

• Authoritarian
• Hereditary power
• Agricultural
• taxes
• Patriarchal
• Islamic states
• Tolerant of other religions

Question 20

Renaissance culture and ideas

Answer 20

Humanism
Arts
Less religion in education

Question 21

Political changes (Europe)

Answer 21

Increased power of monarchies
Tax based
Had a standing army
Absolutism

Question 22

Humanism

Answer 22

Emphasis on value of humans
Preference of critical thinking/logic
Individuals and the world over eternal religious truths

Question 23

Reformation reasons

Answer 23

• church corruption; simony; Italian “monopoly”
• Babylonian Captivity and Great Schism
• Renaissance encouraged ppl to think for themselves
• Development of personal devotions, suspicion of clergy
• greed of secular leaders; 1/3 of Europe was church land
• Papal needed $ for indulgences
• Printing press

Question 24

Luther's beliefs

Answer 24

- Individuals may read and interpret the Bible themselves - Priests are all equal - no need for confessions or a Pope - no fasts, Saints, pilgrimages, purgatory, indulgences - clergy should marry - faith alone is the way to salvation; not "good works"

Question 25

Commercial revolution of 1500s

Answer 25

Mercantilism and inflation

Question 26

Luther courting the nobility / German princes (reasons)

Answer 26

Encouraged nobility to break from church

Question 27

Slavery effects on Africa

Answer 27

Demographic and economic destabilization

Question 28

Reasons for use of slaves

Answer 28

Labor

Question 29

Serfdom

Answer 29

Status of peasants under a feudal system

Question 30

Janissaries

Answer 30

Became elite infantry force of Ottoman Empire First standing army in the region since RE Christian boys taken to become janissaries

Question 31

Free peasants

Answer 31

Western Europe

Question 32

Econmienda

Answer 32

Forced labor system | Native Americans

Question 33

Expansion reasons (Russia)

Answer 33

Peter the Great needed warm water port

Question 34

Peter the Great westernization

Answer 34

Increased trade, built navy | Westernization aimed at nobility

Question 35

How was Russia different than the west?

Answer 35

Still educationally backwards, relied too much on serfdom

Question 36

Social classes in Russia

Answer 36

Serfdom eventually becomes hereditary

Question 37

Merchant class

Answer 37

Lack of bc gov't gets so involved in economy

Question 38

How did the gov affect the economy? (Russia)

Answer 38

Drove it

Question 39

Peter the Great's foreign policy

Answer 39

Expansion, Swedish & Ottomans

Question 40

Economy after the explosion of the Mongols

Answer 40

Bad economy, became agricultural

Question 41

Why the west embraced science

Answer 41

Absolutist kings encouraged it | Philosophical

Question 42

Why the east did not embrace science

Answer 42

Culture

Question 43

Which African kingdoms easily converted to Christianity?

Answer 43

Congo

Question 44

Approx. number of slaves brought to the Americas

Answer 44

12 million

Question 45

Why were so many slaves brought to the Americas?

Answer 45

They kept dying, labor demand

Question 46

How did the slave trade affect the demographics of Africa?

Answer 46

Destabilized it

Question 47

How did the Portuguese interact with the places they tried to trade with, like Africa?

Answer 47

Friends with the powerful kings

Question 48

Political impact of slavery on Africa

Answer 48

Development of predatory regimes | Many relationships of every level were ruined

Question 49

How was trans-Saharan slave trade different from Atlantic slave trade?

Answer 49

Muslims couldn't be enslaved, (DBQ)

Question 50

Most highly valued products by Europeans

Answer 50

Porcelain and spices

Question 51

Who came to the area after the Portuguese

Answer 51

Dutch

Question 52

How were the Dutch and English different than the Portuguese in trading with Asia?

Answer 52

Nicer than Portuguese

Question 53

Ming social policies

Answer 53

Neo-Confucianism Filial piety Women confined - footbinding

Question 54

Ming economy

Answer 54

``` Initial boom then stopped int'l trade Merchant class respected, invested $ in land ```

Question 55

Japanese isolation policies

Answer 55

Nagasaki became only port where int'l trade was allowed Banned Christianity Some western learning kept (science)

Question 56

Why did the Chinese abandon Zheng He's expedition?

Answer 56

Canal reopened | More isolationist

Question 57

Why did the Japanese initially accept Christianity?

Answer 57

Opened up trade opportunities