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AP PSYCH > UNIT 4 (CH 6) > Flashcards

UNIT 4 (CH 6) Flashcards

1
Q

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

A

classical conditioning

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2
Q

the view that psycholgoy (1)should be an objective science that (2)studies behavior without references to mental processes

A

behaviorism

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3
Q

in CC, the unlearned, naturally occuring response to the US

A

unconditioned response

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4
Q

inCC, a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response

A

unconditioned stimulus

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5
Q

inCC, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus

A

conditioned response

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6
Q

inCC, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an US, comes to trigger a CR

A

conditioned stimulus

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7
Q

the intial stage in CC when one links a stimulus and an US so that the NS begins triggering the CR. In OC, the strengthening of a reinforced response

A

acquisition

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8
Q

a procedure in which the CS in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neural stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) CS

A

higher-order conditioning

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9
Q

the diminishing of a CR; occurs in CC when an US does not follow a CS; occurs in OC when a response is no longer reinforced

A

extinction

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10
Q

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished CR

A

spontaneous recovery

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11
Q

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

A

respondent behavior

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12
Q

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

A

operant conditioning

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13
Q

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

A

operant behavior

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14
Q

Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

A

law of effect

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15
Q

in OC research, a chamber (Skinner Box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal’s rate of bar pressing or key pecking

A

operant chamber

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16
Q

an OC procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

A

shaping

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17
Q

in OC, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement

A

discriminative stimulus

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18
Q

in OC, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

A

reinforcer

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19
Q

increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. It is any stimulus, when presented after a response, strengthens the response

A

positive reinforcement

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20
Q

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as a shock. When removed after a response, strengthens the response

A

negative reinforcement

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21
Q

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

A

primary reinforcer

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22
Q

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer

A

conditioned reinforcer

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23
Q

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

A

continuous reinforcement schedule

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24
Q

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response, but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

A

partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedule

25
Q

in OC, reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

A

fixed-ratio schedule

26
Q

an event that decreases the behavior that it follows

A

punishment

27
Q

positive, constructive, helpful behavior - the opposite of antisocial behavior

A

prosocial behavior

28
Q

a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

A

learning

29
Q

an organism’s decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it

A

habituation

30
Q

learning that certain events occur together

A

associative learning

31
Q

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimulus to the CS to elicit similar responses

A

generalization

32
Q

in CC, the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and stimuli that do not signal an US

A

discrimination

33
Q

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

A

learned helplessness

34
Q

in OC, reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

A

variable-ratio schedule

35
Q

in OC, reinforces a response at specific time intervals

A

fixed-interval schedule

36
Q

in OC, reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

A

variable-interval schedule

37
Q

a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment

A

cognitive maps

38
Q

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

A

latent learning

39
Q

a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem

A

insight

40
Q

a desire to preform a behavior effectively for its own sake

A

intrinsic motivation

41
Q

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

A

extrinsic motivation

42
Q

learning by observing others - social learning

A

observational learning

43
Q

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

A

modeling

44
Q

frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain’s mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation and empathy

A

mirror neurons

45
Q

any event or situation that evokes a response

A

Stimulus

46
Q

the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language

A

cognitive learning

47
Q

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

A

neutral stimulus

48
Q

in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

A

reinforcement

49
Q

a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

A

reinforcement schedule

50
Q

a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension

A

biofeedback

51
Q

a biological predisposition to learn associations, such as between taste and nausea, that have survival value

A

preparedness

52
Q

the tendency of learned behavior to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns

A

instinctive drift

53
Q

attempting to alleviate stress directly - by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor

A

problem-forced coping

54
Q

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one’s stress reaction

A

emotion-forced coping

55
Q

our sense of controlling our environments rather than feeling helpless

A

personal control

56
Q

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.

A

external locus of control

57
Q

the perception that you control your own fate

A

internal locus of control

58
Q

the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards

A

self-control

AP PSYCH (9 decks)

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