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CHEM Y12 > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Hydrocarbon?

A

Molecule with just carbons and hydrogens

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2
Q

Alkane?

A

Carbon and hydrogen only - saturated molecules

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3
Q

What intermolecular forces interact with alkanes?

A

Dispersion

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4
Q

What happens as the size of an alkane increases, in regards to its boiling point?

A

The larger the alkane, the increased strength and thus BP.

Larger =
- more atoms/surface area of interaction
- more electrons (which are dispersion forces)
- more dispersion
- INCREASE needed energy to break bonds
- Increase BP

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5
Q

What is dispersion forces?

A

Electrons orbit in each adjacent molecules, causing temporary dipoles

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6
Q

How do cyclic hydrocarbons similar to straight line carbon chains

A

similar chemical and physical properties

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7
Q

What can affect boiling point in alkanes?

A

Molar Mass (more electrons) thus heavier halogen has higher BP - (I > Br > Cl > F)
Branching
Size of ALKANE - length

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8
Q

How does branching in alkanes affect boiling point?

A

Molecules stack poorly against each other
Area of interaction smaller
LESS dispersion forces
LOWER (BP)

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9
Q

How does hydrogen bonding work and whats needed?

A

A H-FON bond within a molecule
- forming a partial charge (with partial negative on electronegative hydrogen FON)
- bonds with positive side on a hydrgeon on another atom

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10
Q

What does saturated mean in a hydrocarbon?

A

Saturated - single bonds, alkane, less reactive
Unsaturated - more than single bond (double, triple) - alkene, alkyne, more reactive

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11
Q

Which cyclocarbons are saturated vs unsaturated

A

Saturated - cycloalkane
Unsaturated - cycloalkene/alkyne

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12
Q

Whats Benzene?

A

C6H8
double bond every second carbon - but bond length/type in benzene are all the same
- electrons delocalise thus really stable
Hexagon with circle in middle (to represent delocalised electron cloud) located above and below the ring

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13
Q

Aromatic in QCAA?

A

Mean stuff like benzne
But also smelly stuff - esters

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14
Q

Saturated vs unsaturated as fuels

A

SATURATED
- single bonds only - stronger - more energy to break (thus release more energy which is what fuel is as) - thus alkanes and alchols

  • unsaturated have double/triple bonds - weaker - can lead to different products and potential of incomplete combustion - CO/soot
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15
Q

Why are alkanes used as fuels

A

Because they release energy well and smaller ones vaporise well (VOLATILITY)

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16
Q

What does volatile mean?

A

The ability to change from liquid to gas (vaporise) - at lower boiling points or smaller alkanes

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17
Q

How does alkane size affect flammability?

A

Smaller alkanes are more volatile as they vaporise quicker - liquid to gas

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18
Q

Complete combustion?

A

burn alkane in excess oxygen to form CO2 (carbon dioxide) and water
- keep in mind co2 is greenhouse gas

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19
Q

Simple Substitution

A

Replacing one species on molecule with another
I.e.
C2H5Br +HCL –> C2H5Cl + HBr
Haloalkane + hydrogen halide –> Haloalkane + hydrogen halide

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20
Q

Simple Condensation

A

When small molecule is lost in formation of a larger molecule + water
I.e.
CH3COOH + CH3OH –> CH3COOCH3 + H2O
methanoic acid (acetic acid) + methanol –> methyl ethanoate (methyl acetate)
Carboxylic Acid + Alcohol –> Ester

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21
Q

Simple Reduction

A

Species gain electrons
- when electromagnetic atom - like oxygen is removed from a molecule

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22
Q

Simple Addition

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A

Joining 2/more molecules to form a larger molecule
C2H4 +H2 –> C2H6
Alkene + hydrogen –> alkane

23
Q

Simple Polymerisation

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A

Joining many simple molecules to form a giant one
- reacting monomer molecules together in a chemical reaction to form polymer chain (polymers)

24
Q

Simple Elimination

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A

Removing small group of atoms from a larger molecule C2H5OH –> C2H4 + H2O

25
What mollecules can undergo addition?
Unsaturated molecules - double bond/triple broken to fit more atoms
26
Simple Oxidisation
Species loses electrons (electronegative atom like oxygen is added to a molecule)
27
Whats halogenation/type/condition if any?
Addition Adding a halogen to generally a alkene forming a haloalkane Alkene + Halogen --> dihaloalkane ALKYNES - same but form dihaloalkene --> tetrahaloalkane once do again
28
What are halogens and which are commonly used
F, Cl, Br, I Only Cl and Br usually F - doesnt undergo addition well I - less reactive
29
Whats the way to memorise reductions vs oxidation and what it is
O xidation I s L ose R eduction I s G ain
30
Haloalkane?
Alkane with 1/more hydrogens replaced by halogen
31
What type of reaction is alkene + halogen --> dihaloalkane?
addition - halogenation
32
Whats hydrogenation and type/condition if any/any extra info?
Addition Adding hydrogen to alkene forming alkane Alkene + Hydrogen --> (platinum) --> alkane ALKYNE: just turns alkyne --> alkene --> alkane (platinum) alkyne --> alkene (and stay) needs lindlar catalyst Condition: platinum catalyst H2 GAS presence Also known as reduction as its the gain of atoms aka GAIN OF ELECTRONS - saturating any carbon-carbon double bond
33
Whats hydrohalogenation
Alkene + hydrogen halide (addittion)
34
What condition is needed for hydrogenation?
H2 gas metal catalyst (normally platinum)
35
What addition reactions require certain conditions and what are they?
Hydrogenation (H2 gas and metal catalyst (normally platinum)) Hydration (Steam for water, dilute aqueous acid as catalyst (H2SO4))
36
What is hydration/type/condition if any?
Addition Adding water moleucle to alkene to form an alcohol Alkene + steam (water) --> (dilute acid/h2so4) --> alcohol Condition: Steam for water Dilute acid like H2SO4
37
Whats an alkyne
triple bond hydrocarbon C---C
38
What condition is required for the halogenation or substitution with chlorine?
UV light
39
Whats reduction in the context of addition
Hydrogenation or the gain of hydrogen atoms (electrons) Since reduction is gain of electrons (saturating any carbon-carbon double bond)
40
Whats the functional group/prefix or whatever of carboxylic acid?
R - C -- Double bond O (carbonyl group) C - OH (hydroxyl) RCOOH -anoic acid Derivative of aldehyde since adding an oxygen to it (oxidation) to get OH group
41
Whats the functional group of ketone/prefix or whatever?
R-(C--O)-R Carbonyl group in the middle of 2 R's -one
42
Whats the functional group/prefix or whatever of amide?
R-CONH2 R-CONH-R R-CON-R-R Carbon double bond O Same carbon - N - 2H/ or /HR/ or /RR, R-C--O C-N-(H2/RH/R2) -depednidng on prim, sec, tertiary -amide i.e. butanamide butan-2-amide
43
Whats the functional group/prefix or whatever of amine?
R-NH2 Functional: NH2 (can be NH1 with 2 R's or just N with 3 R's) changing to prim - sec - tertiary) -amine i.e. butylmine butan-1-amine
44
Whats the functional group/prefix or whatever of alcohol?
Hydroxyl group (OH) R-OH -anol i.e. butanol butan-1-ol
45
Whats the functional group/prefix or whatever of aldehyde?
Like carboxylic acid (before) but with -H instead of -OH R-CHO R- C --O carbonyl group (O) Double bond C - H -anal i.e. butanal butan-1-al
46
Whats the functional group/prefix or whatever of nitrile?
R-C---N (triple bond to C---N) basicly a cyanide cyanide functional group alkane-nitrile i.e. butanenitrile butan-1-nitrile
47
Whats the functional group/prefix or whatever of alkyne?
C---C triple bond for hydrocarbon yne i.e. butyne
48
atWhats the functional group/prefix or whatever of alkene?
C--C double bond hydrocarbon ene i.e. butene
49
Whats the functional group/prefix or whatever of alkane?
C-C Single bond hydrocarbon ane i.e. butane
50
Whats the functional group/prefix or whatever of ester?
51
Whats the functional group/prefix or whatever of ether?
52
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CHEM Y12 (2 decks)

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