unit 4 Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
sternal angle level
A
T4/5
2
Q
what landmark splits the mediastinum
A
sternal angle at T4/5
3
Q
middle inferior mediastinum contents (3)
A
heart
aortic arch
root of lung
4
Q
most anterior structure of superior mediastinum
A
thymus
5
Q
what is the pericardial cavity filled with
A
serous fluid
6
Q
pericardium
A
fibrous sac surrounding heart and roots of great vessels
7
Q
serous layer
A
parietal and visceral
8
Q
parent structure of pericardiophrenic artery
A
internal thoracic cavity
9
Q
where does the pericardiophrenic vein drain into
A
left: brachiocephalic vein
right: SVC
10
Q
what causes pericarditis and what relieves it
A
infection
leaning forward
11
Q
what causes constrictive pericarditis and how to detect it
A
excessive thickening of parietal pericardial sac which compresses the heart
jugular vein pulse drop with inspiration
12
Q
where does the azygos vein empty
A
SVC and IVC
13
Q
spinal level of xiphoid process
A
T10
14
Q
fissure(s) in right lung
A
oblique and horizontal
15
Q
fissure(s) in left lung
A
oblique
16
Q
which lung has a lungula
A
left
17
Q
hila
A
passageway for roots into lungs
18
Q
what spinal level does bronchial tree split
A
T4/5
19
Q
carina
A
structure between split of bronchial tree that supports it
20
Q
pneumothorax
A
collapsed lung
21
Q
pleural reflection
A
lungs adapt and mold to things around it
22
Q
3 recesses for lung expansion
A
costomediastinal
cardiac notch
costodiaphragmatic
23
Q
what structure is the pericardial sac fused with
A
central tendon
24
Q
phrenic nerve innervates…
A
diaphragm
pericardial sac
25
which lung has the groove for SVC, IVC, brachiocephalic vein, esophagus
right lung
26
which lung has the groove for aorta and thoracic duct
left lung
27
voice box
larynx
28
epiglottis
closes over trachea during swallowing
29
2 structures that support the larynx
thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
30
where does gas exchange occur
alveoli sacs
31
primary, secondary, and tertiary branches of tracheobronchial tree
1* = main bronchus
2* = lobar bronchi
3* = segmental bronchi
32
2 most common diagnosis for COPD
chronic bronchitis
emphysema
33
4 progression steps of COPD
loss in elasticity
air sac wall destruction
thick/inflamed walls
mucous clogs airways
34
6 main symptoms of COPD
chronic cough
production of mucous
fatigue
dyspnea
shortness of breath
chest discomfort
35
longest wandering nerve
vagus (CNX)
36
R/L pulmonary plexus
autonomic nervous system that regulates HR + fight/flight
37
what structure separates L + R ventricles
posterior interventricular groove
38
LUB
systolic
closing of tri/bicuspid
39
DUB
distolic
closing of lunar valves (aortic/pulm)
40
parent structure of SA nodal branch
RCA
41
LAD parent structure
LCA
42
widowmaker
LAD
more common in men and is deadly
43
which is more common: LCA or RCA dominant blood supply to SA node
RCA is most common
44
which 3 heart vessels are most likely to cause MI (give percentages too)
LAD branch of LCA (40-50%)
RCA (30-40%)
circumflex LCA (15-20%)
45
3 coronary sinus branches
great, middle, + small cardiac veins
46
papillary muscle + tendinous cords function
holds tri/bicuspid valves in place during systole to prevent backflow
47
SA node location
upper wall of RA
48
AV node location
bottom left corner of RA near center of heart
49
trabeculae carneae
irregular muscular RIDGES/bands that project into ventricular lumen
gives spongy texture
50
infundibulum
smooth outflow tract leading to pulmonary valve and trunk
51
inferior border of the heart lines up with which costal cartilage
6th
52
heart conduction pathway
SA node
Atrial myocytes
AV node
Bundle of His
R/L bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
53
the closure of aortic and pulmonary valves causes the ventricular pressure to __(increase/decrease)__
decrease
54
auscultation
listening to the valves of the heart
55
mitral area for auscultation
left 5th intercostal space near nipple
56
tricuspid area for auscultation
left 4th intercostal space near lower sternal border
57
spinal level symptoms of cardiac referred pain
C5,6
C8,T1
58
vagus nerve innervations
trachea/bronchi/esophagus
heart
intestines
sensory
59
is phrenic or vagus more posterior
vagus
60
is phrenic or vagus more proximal
vagus
61
what nerve causes hoarseness
recurrent laryngeal nerve
62
where does diaphragm refer pain to
shoulder (phrenic is C3-5)
63
what nerve is "pinned" to the front of the anterior scalene
phrenic nerve
64
visceral afferents
uses sympathetic and vagus nerve to signal cardiac pain
65
ligamentum arteriosum
ligament connecting aortic arch to pulmonary trunk
66
bregma vs lambda location on skull
anterior on by frontal bone
posterior by occipital bone
67
glabella
bone area in between eyebrows
68
piriform aperture
right under nasal bone
69
zygomatic bone
cheek bone
70
alveolar process
above top teeth
71
pterion
"temple" area
weakest area of skull
where 4 bones connect
72
7 bones of orbit
frontal
sphenoid
lacrimal
ethmoid
maxilla
zygomatic
73
inion
point right under the external occipital protuberance
74
orbicularis oculi
- palpebral
- orbital
palpebral = gently shuts eye
orbital = forcefully shuts eye
75
occipitofrontalis
wrinkles forehead + lifts eyebrows
76
nasalis
- transverse
- alar
transverse: comprises nasal aperture
alar: flares nostril
77
procerus
draws down medial angle of eyebrow
HORIZONTAL wrinkle
78
depressor septi
pulls nose inferiorly
"bunny"
79
depressor anguli oris
frown
80
depressor labii inferioris
lower lip moves down and out like the "yikes" emoji
81
mentalis
pouts lower lip (raise and protrude)
82
corrugator supercilii
draws eyebrows medially and downward
11's wrinkles
83
risorius
retracts corners of mouth
halfassed smile
84
zygomaticus
- major
- minor
major: smile (corners)
minor: draws upper lip upward
85
orbicularis oris
closes lips
"duck lips"
whistle
86
buccinator
presses cheek against teeth
"blowing bubbles"
87
bells palsy
whole side of fave
88
where does stroke happen in face
lower part
89
upper vs lower disc job
upper = protrusion and retraction
lower = depression and elevation
90
which part of the TMJ disc has the most blood supply
posterior
91
posterior disc connects to
sup/inf laminae ligaments
92
what attaches to the anterior disc
superior lateral pterygoid
93
masseter
elevate mandible
94
temporalis
elevate and retract mandible
95
trigeminal nerve (CN5) splits into 3 branches:
mandibular
maxillary
opthalmic
96
what nerve innervates the muscles of mastication
mandibular nerve (branch of the trigeminal)
97
medial pterygoid action
elevate and contralaterally deviate mandible
98
lateral pterygoid action
protrusion and contralaterally deviate mandible
99
nerve innervations of digastric muscle
anterior belly = mandibular
posterior belly = facial
100
mandibular opening order
roll
slide
101
main elevation muscles in TMJ (3)
masseter
temporalis
medial pterygoid
102
main depression muscle in TMJ
lateral pterygoid
103
main protrusion muscles in TMJ (3)
masseter
medial pterygoid
lateral pterygoid
104
main retrusion muscle in TMJ
temporalis
105
main lateral deviation muscles in TMJ
temporalis (ipsi)
med/lat pterygoid (contra)
106
plagiocephaly
one side of the head is flatter than the other
107
brachycephaly
posterior head is flat from back lying too much
108
scaphocephaly
long/squished head
109
maxillary artery branches into 3 parts
infra
buccal
mental
