Unit 4 - 1800 - 1848

Question 1

What were the two main debates during the period between the Democratic-Republicans and the Federalists?

Answer 1

American relations with foreign powers and the scope of federal power

These debates were central to understanding the political landscape of early America.

Question 2

What was the U.S. government’s policy regarding the Barbary pirates before Jefferson’s presidency?

Answer 2

The U.S. government paid tribute to the Barbary states in exchange for protection of American merchant ships

This policy was established by previous Federalist presidents Washington and Adams.

Question 3

What was Jefferson’s stance on paying tribute to the Barbary states?

Answer 3

He was morally opposed to paying bribes for trade

This led to the cessation of payments and increased attacks on U.S. merchant ships.

Question 4

What is meant by strict constructionist view of the Constitution?

Answer 4

The belief that the federal government can only do what is explicitly written in the Constitution.

Question 5

What is meant by loose constructionist view of the Constitution?

Answer 5

The belief that the federal government has more flexibility and can do more than what is explicitly written in the Constitution.

Question 6

What significant land purchase did Jefferson negotiate, and why was it controversial?

Answer 6

The Louisiana Purchase; it was controversial because Jefferson, a strict constructionist, had no constitutional authority to buy land

Jefferson justified the purchase by arguing it would benefit the nation and its agrarian vision.

Question 7

Who led the exploration of the new territory acquired in the Louisiana Purchase?

Answer 7

Meriwether Lewis and William Clark.

Question 8

What was the outcome of the Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison?

Answer 8

The court decided it had the power of judicial review and declared the judiciary act unconstitutional

This increased the power of the Supreme Court.

Question 9

What principle was established in McCulloch v. Maryland?

Answer 9

Federal law trumps state law.

Question 10

What were the main causes of the War of 1812?

Answer 10

• Seizing of American merchant ships by Britain and France
• British impressment of American sailors
• British support of Native American resistance against American expansion.

Question 11

What was the Hartford Convention?

Answer 11

A meeting of Federalists who opposed the War of 1812 and discussed the possibility of New England seceding from the Union.

Question 12

What were the consequences of the War of 1812?

Answer 12

• Rise of nationalism
• Demise of the Federalist Party
• Exposure of weaknesses in U.S. infrastructure and finance.

Question 13

What was Henry Clay’s American System?

Answer 13

An economic plan that included:
* Federally funded internal improvements
* Protective tariffs
* Establishment of a second bank of the United States.

Question 14

What was the Talmadge Amendment?

Answer 14

An amendment that prohibited slavery in Missouri’s application for statehood.

Question 15

What was the Missouri Compromise?

Answer 15

An agreement to admit Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, maintaining the balance in the Senate

It established the 36°30’ line separating free and slave territories.

Question 16

What treaty established the U.S.-Canadian border at the 49th parallel?

Answer 16

The treaty negotiated by John Quincy Adams in 1816.

Question 17

What was the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819?

Answer 17

A treaty in which Spain sold Florida to the U.S. and defined the southern border of the United States.

Question 18

What is the Monroe Doctrine?

Answer 18

A policy declaring the Western Hemisphere as a U.S. sphere of influence free from European intervention.

Question 19

What did the Monroe Doctrine of 1823 establish?

Answer 19

The Monroe Doctrine established the western hemisphere as a U.S. sphere of influence, free from European influence.

The doctrine asserted American dominance in the region.

Question 20

Define the market revolution.

Answer 20

The market revolution was the linking of northern industries with western and southern farms, driven by advances in agriculture, industry, communication, and transportation.

This period significantly reshaped the American economy.

Question 21

What technological advancements were key to the market revolution?

Answer 21

• Cotton gin
• Spinning machine
• Interchangeable parts

These innovations transformed agricultural and industrial production.

Question 22

What was the role of the cotton gin in the market revolution?

Answer 22

The cotton gin significantly sped up the process of separating seeds from cotton fibers.

This innovation greatly enhanced Southern agriculture.

Question 23

What was the significance of interchangeable parts?

Answer 23

Interchangeable parts allowed for the mass production of goods, which shifted production from artisans to machines.

This became the basis for the American system of manufacturing.

Question 24

How did steamboats transform trade?

Answer 24

Steamboats enabled vessels to navigate both upriver and downriver, enhancing trade efficiency.

This improved the flow of goods along rivers.

Question 25

What was the Erie Canal?

Answer 25

The Erie Canal was a man-made waterway that connected New York state, promoting trade and transportation. ## Footnote Its success led to the construction of more canals across the nation.

Question 26

What was the impact of railroads in the 1820s and 1830s?

Answer 26

Railroads began to replace canals as the primary means of transportation for trade, supported by government loans and tax breaks. ## Footnote This further interconnected American industry.

Question 27

What demographic changes occurred in northern industrial cities from 1820 to 1840?

Answer 27

Approximately 2 million immigrants, mainly from Germany and Ireland, arrived, providing cheap labor and transforming urban landscapes. ## Footnote Many immigrants established cultural institutions from their homelands.

Question 28

What was the cult of domesticity?

Answer 28

The cult of domesticity was a societal norm that defined women's roles as centered around childbearing and homemaking. ## Footnote This ideal mainly affected the middle and upper classes.

Question 29

Who could vote in the early 19th century America?

Answer 29

Only property-owning white males could vote during this time. ## Footnote This limited the franchise to the elite.

Question 30

What was the Panic of 1819?

Answer 30

The Panic of 1819 was the first major recession in U.S. history, caused by irresponsible banking practices and decreased demand for exports. ## Footnote It significantly impacted laboring men and fueled demands for voting rights.

Question 31

What was the corrupt bargain?

Answer 31

The corrupt bargain refers to the 1824 election outcome where John Quincy Adams was chosen president by the House of Representatives, allegedly due to a deal with Henry Clay. ## Footnote This angered supporters of Andrew Jackson.

Question 32

What were the two factions that emerged from the Democratic-Republican Party after the election of 1824?

Answer 32

* National Republicans (loose constructionists) * Democrats (strict constructionists) ## Footnote This split led to the formation of distinct political parties.

Question 33

What was the Tariff of 1828?

Answer 33

The Tariff of 1828 raised import duties to 50%, benefiting northern manufacturers and western farmers while angering southerners. ## Footnote Southerners referred to it as the 'tariff of abominations.'

Question 34

What was the doctrine of nullification?

Answer 34

The doctrine of nullification asserted that states could determine the constitutionality of federal laws and refuse to enforce them. ## Footnote It was developed in response to the Tariff of 1828.

Question 35

What was the force bill?

Answer 35

The force bill authorized President Jackson to use federal troops to enforce federal law in South Carolina. ## Footnote This was a response to the state's nullification of tariffs.

Question 36

What was Andrew Jackson's stance on the Second Bank of the United States?

Answer 36

Jackson vetoed the recharter of the Second Bank, viewing it as a 'monster' that favored elites over common citizens. ## Footnote His actions led to the bank's demise.

Question 37

What was the Indian Removal Act of 1830?

Answer 37

The Indian Removal Act aimed to relocate Native American tribes, including the Cherokee, to territories west of the Mississippi River. ## Footnote This led to the forced removal known as the Trail of Tears.

Question 38

What was the Trail of Tears?

Answer 38

The Trail of Tears was the forced relocation of the Cherokee Nation from Georgia to west of the Mississippi River, resulting in significant suffering and death. ## Footnote This event exemplified the consequences of the Indian Removal Act.

Question 39

Who was Noah Webster and what was his contribution?

Answer 39

Noah Webster published the American Dictionary of the English Language in 1828, standardizing American English. ## Footnote His work supported the expansion of education in the U.S.

Question 40

What is transcendentalism?

Answer 40

Transcendentalism is an American philosophical movement that emphasized individual intuition and the inherent goodness of people and nature. ## Footnote It played a significant role in shaping American culture.

Question 41

What was the significance of Noah Webster's publication in 1828?

Answer 41

It was the American Dictionary of the English Language, which standardized spelling and pronunciation of American English. ## Footnote Webster's dictionary was crucial for expanding networks of schools and academies.

Question 42

What philosophical movement is associated with American beliefs in human perfectibility?

Answer 42

Transcendentalism. ## Footnote This movement was influenced by European Romanticism and emphasized the beauty and power of nature.

Question 43

Who was the first prominent figure of Transcendentalism?

Answer 43

Ralph Waldo Emerson. ## Footnote Emerson believed in achieving moral perfection in the United States.

Question 44

What was the purpose of Henry David Thoreau's experiment at Walden Pond?

Answer 44

To explore human perfection and live simply among nature. ## Footnote Thoreau documented his experiences in the book 'Walden.'

Question 45

What is the Hudson River School known for?

Answer 45

Painting romanticized landscapes in New York and the western territories. ## Footnote This art movement aimed for spiritual renewal in America.

Question 46

What was a common feature of utopian communities formed in the 19th century?

Answer 46

They were influenced by European intellectuals and American values of democracy and equality. ## Footnote An example is the Oneida Community, founded in 1848.

Question 47

What was the Oneida Community's unique doctrine?

Answer 47

Complex marriage, where all members belonged to each other. ## Footnote They also practiced communal living and shared property.

Question 48

What was the Second Great Awakening?

Answer 48

A significant religious revival that included camp meetings with multiple evangelical preachers. ## Footnote It was relatively egalitarian, including diverse attendees.

Question 49

Who was Charles Finney?

Answer 49

A New York preacher who emphasized moral reformation of society during the Second Great Awakening. ## Footnote His approach differed from earlier preachers focused on personal moral reformation.

Question 50

What did the American Temperance Society advocate for?

Answer 50

Complete abstinence from alcohol. ## Footnote Founded in 1826, it aimed to reduce alcohol consumption among working-class men.

Question 51

Who founded Mormonism and what was its original claim?

Answer 51

Joseph Smith founded Mormonism, claiming to receive visions from God. ## Footnote He translated the Book of Mormon from gold plates he claimed to have found.

Question 52

What led to the persecution of Mormons in the 1840s?

Answer 52

The practice of polygamy and the community's distinct beliefs. ## Footnote Joseph Smith was lynched in Missouri, leading Brigham Young to lead them to Utah.

Question 53

What was the abolitionist movement's primary goal in the 1820s?

Answer 53

To end slavery in the United States. ## Footnote It gained momentum with the publication of 'The Liberator' by William Lloyd Garrison.

Question 54

What was the American Anti-Slavery Society?

Answer 54

An organization created in 1833 to advocate against slavery. ## Footnote It spread rapidly across northern states and focused on moral persuasion.

Question 55

What did the Seneca Falls Convention represent?

Answer 55

The first women's rights conference in America. ## Footnote It led to the drafting of the Declaration of Sentiments calling for women's equality.

Question 56

What was the status of plantation owners in the South after 1830?

Answer 56

They became wealthy due to expanded fields of sugar and cotton. ## Footnote This created a plantation aristocracy that sought to protect their profits.

Question 57

What cultural expression did enslaved laborers use to maintain community?

Answer 57

Songs that created rhythm for work and expressed despair and hope. ## Footnote These songs were a vital part of their cultural identity.

Question 58

What event is known as Nat Turner's Rebellion?

Answer 58

A slave revolt in Virginia led by Nat Turner in 1831. ## Footnote The rebellion resulted in the deaths of over 50 white people and heightened fears of uprisings.

Question 59

What was the primary occupation of most white southerners during this period?

Answer 59

Yeoman farmers, independent landowners who generally supported slavery. ## Footnote Despite not owning slaves, they believed in the racial hierarchy that supported southern society.

Question 60

What was a consequence of soil depletion in the South?

Answer 60

Many southern farmers began moving west. ## Footnote This expansion also contributed to the growth of slavery in new territories.