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LIFE 121 > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

3 groups of Deuterostomes

A

Chordates, echinoderms, hemichordates

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2
Q

Traits of Chordates

A

Bilaterally symmetrical, Deuterostomes, Coelomates, Segmented bodies

Derived traits: Notochord, Post-anal tail, dorsal-hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits

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3
Q

Cephalochordates

A

Lancets
-Most basal chordates, filter feeders, key chordate traits

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4
Q

Urochordata

A
  • tunicates, sea squirts
  • Larvae – chordate traits, moves to place to settle
  • Adult – metamorphosis, lose chordate characteristics
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5
Q

Vertebrate Traits

A

Vertebral column & head formation

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6
Q

What led to mineralization & examples

A

Transition to predation
-armored plates & mineralized mouthparts

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7
Q

Types of Jawless Vertebrates

A

Myxini (Hagfishes) & Petromyzontida (Lampreys)

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8
Q

Myxini (Hagfish) characteristics

A

-Marine scavengers

-reduced vertebrate, head starts to form

-Tooth-like structures of keratin

-Produce slime for protection

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9
Q

Petromyzontida (Lampreys) Characteristics

A

-Marine/freshwater, reduced vertebrate
-Adult: parasites of fish
-Larvae: suspension feeders

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10
Q

Gnathostomes shared derived characteristics

A

-Jaw
-Complex gene duplication
-Large forebrain & sense development
-Lateral line system - senses vibrations

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11
Q

Chondrichthyes (Sharks, rays, chimaeras)

A

-Called cartilage fish but still mineralization
-Many consume plankton
-Carnivores

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12
Q

Osteichthyans

A

“Bony fish”
-Ossified endoskeleton

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13
Q

Notochord

A
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14
Q

Biggest group of vertebrates on planet

A

Osteichthyes (Bony fish)

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15
Q

Osteichthyes

A

Bony fish, have ossified endoskeleton

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16
Q

Ray-finned fishes

A

Fin rays, 1/2 all vertebrate species

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17
Q

Lobe-fins

A

Rod-shaped bones with thick muscle layer surrounding in fins
- Teeth with true enamel
-Ex - Dipnoi

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18
Q

Dipnoi

A

Lungfishes
Have gills & lungs
-Aestivate in Summer - burrow into mud & breathe air

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19
Q

Tetrapod adaptations for transition to land

A

-4 limbs with digits
-Fusion of hip bones to backbone
-Ribs
-Neck

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20
Q

Tiktaalik

A

Transitional form from fish > Tetrapod, tetrapod characteristics

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21
Q

Amphibia

A

Basal group of tetrapods
-Damp habitat, skin permeable to water, ectothermic
Groups: Salamanders & newts, Frogs & toads, caecilians

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22
Q

Order Urodela & example

A

Retain tail as adult
-Salamanders & Newts

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23
Q

Order Anura & Ex

Study These Flashcards
A

Lack tail as adult
-Frogs/Toads

24
Q

Order Apoda & ex

Study These Flashcards
A

Legless
-Caecilians

25
Frog life stage
Larval stage: tail, gills, aquatic herbivore Adult stage: lungs, legs, external eardrums, carnivorous
26
Amniotes
Produce egg with amnion (adaptation to drier habitats) -No larval stage -4 membranes
27
Amnion membrane
Closest to embryo, protects from mechanical shock
28
Allantois membrane
Collection of wastes, some respiration & gas exchange
29
Chorion membrane
Respiration & Gas Exchange
30
Yolk sac membrane
Stored nutrients
31
Reptilia Characteristics
-Keratinized scales, -Internalized fertilization -Leathery shelled eggs -Ectothermic (except birds)
32
Ornithischian Dinosaurs
Herbivors, defense adaptation
33
Saurischian dinosaurs
Long necks, theropods
34
Theropod dinosaurs
Advanced dinos -Hollow bones, 3-toed limbs -Bipedal -feathers -origin of birds
35
Birds & Derived Characteristics
-largest tetrapod class -Endotherms -Weight saving modifications
36
Synapsids
Lineage that diverged from reptiles -Skull, Teeth become differentiated -Mammals – only living synapsids
37
Mammals
Produce milk and hair, arose in Jurassic (180 mya)
38
Monotremes
Basal group of mammals -Egg-laying mammals Australia & new guinea -Electrolocation, Lay eggs, Lack nipples
39
Marsupials
Australia, S/N America Nipples, Placenta, Give birth to very young offspring, Marsupium (Pouch)
40
Eutherians
Largest group of mammals -complex placentas & longer pregnancies compared to marsupials -4 layers of amniotic egg present in placenta & have same function
41
Anatomy
Biological form
42
Physiology
Biological Function
43
Endocrine System
-Effector for homeostasis -Hormones released into bloodstream by endocrine glands -Only cells with certain receptors may respond Ex - Secretin
44
Nervous System
Effector for homeostasis -Nerve cells transmit nerve impulses along dedicated routes, connecting locations -Travel along communication lines of axons -Immediate, rapid responses
45
Importance of Thermoregulation
-Enzymes work at optimum temp -Proteins denature & cell membranes become fragile as temp rises -Body fluids become viscous (thicker) at low temps
46
4 Ways of Heat Exchange
-Conduction: Touching something hot -Convection: Liquid/air blowing across body, increasing/decreasing heat -Radiation: In wavelength form (sun) -Evaporation: Liquid > gas
47
Vasolidation
Widening of diameter of superficial blood vessels > more heat loss
48
Vasoconstriction
Narrowing of superficial blood vessels < heat loss
49
Tropical Forest
Equatorial regions Heavy rainfall High temps Intense light competition Highest animal diversity of terrestrial biomes
50
Desert
30* latitudes Low & highly variable precipitation High max/low min temps Plants - Heat & desiccation tolerance, water storage, reduced leaf surface Animal - Water conservation, nocturnal activity
51
Savanna
Equatorial regions Long dry wet season & 30-50 cm precip. Warm year-round Plants – fire-adapted & drought resistant, grasses Animals – Large herbivores & predators, migrations
52
Chaparral
Midlatitude coastal regions Rainy winters/dry summers Cool fall, winter, spring. Hot summers Plants – drought tolerance, fire adaptation Animals – browsers, high diversity of small mammals
53
Temperate Grassland
Interior of continents Highly seasonable precip. Cold winters/hot summers Plants – grasses & forbs dominate, grazing, drought/fire adaptations Animals – large grazers, burrowing animals
54
Temperate Broadleaf Forest
Midlatitudes Medium-high amounts of precip. , any season Freezing winter temp, hot/humid summers Plants – vertical layers in canopy, leaves drop in winter Animals – Avian migration, mammal hibernation
55
Northern Coniferous Forest
Northern portions, largest terrestrial biome on hearth Periodic droughts common Winters cold, summers hot Plants – cone-bearing trees, fire adapted, water conservation, prevent snow accumulation Animals – migratory birds
56
Tundra
High winds/low temps Low precip. In arctic, high precip. In alpine Cold winters, mild/short summers Plants – herbaceous Animals – grazers, migratory animals
57

LIFE 121 (4 decks)

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