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Sensation & Perception > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

Auditory Space

A

Surrounding obsvr and exists wherever there is sound

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2
Q

Auditory Space Coordinates

A

Azimuth - L & R (drunk person)

Elevation - Up & Down (elevate church)

Distance - From you

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3
Q

Localizing Skill, front vs side, ect

A

Directly in front = M accurate
Sides & behind = L accurate

Audio cells lack location cues, it is calculated

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4
Q

Binaural Cues

A

Location cues based on comparing signals in the L & R ears

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5
Q

Interaural Timing Diff (ITD)

A

Diff btwn the times sounds reach the two ears
-no diff = Right in front of you
-Time diff = Source to side of you
-Great for H frequencies (6000Hz), harder for lower frequencies (200Hz)

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6
Q

Interaural Intensity Diff (ILD)

A

Diff in sound pressure lvl reaching both ears
-Works only with H frequencies, the head casts an acoustic shadow
-In front = 0, Behind = 180, R = 90

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7
Q

Monaural Cues for Sound Location

A

Pinnae & head effect intensities of frequencies

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8
Q

Head Related Transfer Function (HRTF)

A

Is a Spectral cue b/c location info comes from spectrum of frequencies

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9
Q

Judging Azimuth location, dom cues

A

ITD - Dom cue for low frequency
ILD - Dom cue for High freq

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10
Q

Judging Elevation Location

A

ILD and ITD not effective for judging elevation
-Cone of confusion

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11
Q

Cone of Confusion

A

Area of diff elevations where IDL &/or ITD are ID
-Using clay to smooth pinnea, w/ time get used to it and could locate sound. Return to normal = able to respond b/c acoustic memory

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12
Q

Experiment Judging Elevation

A

Insert mold = poor performance, after 19 days = near perfect performance

Remove molds = Cont high performance

Conclusion: Likely two diff sets of neurons for, one for each set of cues

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13
Q

Interaural Time Diff Detectors, what & where?

A

Neurons respond to specific ITD
-Found in the inferior colliculus & superior olivary

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14
Q

Jeffress Model

A

A neural coincidence detector
L 1&raquo_space;> 9 R
Axons trans signals from L & R ears to neurons

-In front = Signals start in channels simultaneously, meeting at neuron 5 and firing
-To Right = R first, meeting at 3 and firing

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15
Q

Tonographic Maps

A

Neural structure responding to locations in space
-Owls use mesencephalicus lateralus dorsalis (MLD) that responds to locations in space

-Mammals have maps in the inferior colliculus
-^ neurons have receptive fields for sound location

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16
Q

The Auditory Cortex, what is & isnt there, impact on audio scene

A

No evidence of maps in ^ but rather

Panoramic neurons - Signal location via pattern of firing

-Auditory scene hears things on top of each other, not separately like in vision

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17
Q

Auditory Scene

A

Array of all sound sources in ENV

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18
Q

Audio Scene Analysis

A

Sounds in audio scene are separated into individual perc

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19
Q

Audio stream Segregation

A

Separation of stim into diff perc streams

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20
Q

Principles of Audio Grouping

A

Location
Similarity of timbre & pitch
Prox in time
Good Cont.
Effects of past exp
The Gap Effect

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21
Q

Location Principle of Audio Grouping

A

Single Sound source tends to come from one location & move continuously

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22
Q

Similarity of Timbre and PItch, Principle of Audio Grouping

A

Similar sounds are grouped together

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23
Q

Prox in Time, Principle of Audio grouping

A

Sounds occurring in rapid succession usually come from same source

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24
Q

Good Continuation, Principle of Audio Grouping

A

Sounds that are constant or change smoothly are usually from the same source

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25
Effects of Past Experiences, Principle of Audio Grouping
Recognizing familiar sounds
26
The Gap Effect, Principle of Audio Grouping
We can hear despite missing gaps of audio
27
Principles of Audio Grouping Mnemonic
Lumpy (location) Space (similarity in timbre/pitch) Princess (prox in time) GETs (Good cont, effect of past exp, the gap effect) audio grouping
28
Hearing Inside Rooms
Direct Sound - Sound directly reaching ear from source Indirect Sound - Sound reflected off ENV surfaces, then to listener -Inside, bounces off walls -Outside, projected to air
29
Litovsky Experiment
Listeners sat btwn 2 speakers, L = lag, right = lead -Lead = LT 1ms = Perc sound from lead -Precedence Effect -Echo Threshold
30
Precedence Effect
When two ID/similar sounds reach ears separated by time interval of LT 50-100ms, hearing sound that reaches ears first -Litovsky Exp, 1-5ms before lag, seeming to come from lead alone
31
Echo Threshold of Litovsky exp
MT 5ms, 2 separate sounds heard, lead then lag
32
Architectural Acoustics
The study of how sounds are reflected in rooms -Effecting perc in concert halls: Reverberation Time
33
Reverberation Time, Architectural Acoustics, Best??
The time it takes sound to DEC by 1/1000th of original pressure -Best is 2s (1.5 for opera)
34
Phonemes, Kinds & How many?
Smallest unit of speech that changes meaning in a word -ENG has 44 w/ 13 major vowels, 27 major consonants -# of phonemes varies w/ LANG
35
Acoustic Signal
Made by lungs pushing air thru vocal cords & into vocal tract
36
Vowels
Produced via vibrating vocal cords & changes in the shape of vocal tract (VT) via articulators
37
Articulators
Structures involved in speech production including the tongue, teeth, lips, jaw, and soft palate
38
Formants
Changes in VT shape causing changes in resonant frequency and producing peaks in pressure at a # of freq -1st has Lowest freq, 2nd = next highest -Sound spectrogram shows freq and intensity changes for speech -Consonants are made via VT constriction
39
Formant Transition
Rapid changes in freq preceding/following formants
40
Segmentation Problem
There are no PHYS breaks in continuous acoustic signal while speaking -Ex, "I owe you a yo-yo" on spectrogram has no breaks
41
Variability from phoneme context
1) Coarticulation 2) Variability from diff speakers
42
Coarticulation
Overlap btwn articulation of neighboring phonemes
43
Variability in Speakers
Speakers diff in -pitch -accent -Speech speed -Pronunciation Acoustic signals must be trans into familiar words
44
Despite _ & _, we easily perc speech
segmentation & variability problems -Ex, "What are you doing?" often said as "Whadaya doin?"
45
Invariant Acoustic Cues
Feat of phonemes that remain constant -ST spectrograms used to investigate invariant acoustic cues. Sequences can be combo to create running spectral graph
46
Categorical Perc
A wide range of acoustic cues result in perc of limited # of sound categories -EX VOT
47
Voice Onset Time (VOT)
Time delay btwn sound start and voice begin -Stim are da (VOT 17ms) and ta (VOT 91ms)
48
Categorical Perc Cont, computer exp
Computers created stim w/ range of VOTs from long to short -Don't hear incremental change but sudden change from /da/ to /ta/ at phonetic boundary -Perc constancy exp for phonemes w/in given range of VOT
49
McGurk Effect
Audio-visual speech perc Visual Stim "ga-ga" Audio Stim "ba-ba" BUT "da-da" is heard; This is the midpoint btwn "ga" and "ba" -Obsvr eyes closed = hear "ba"
50
COG Dimension of Speech Perc
Top-down processing includes listener's KNOW abt LANG, impacting perc of incoming speech stim Segmentation impacted by context & meaning -"I scream, you scream, we all scream for ice cream" -Some sounds ML to follow another, others ML to be separated by space btwn words
51
Speech Perc Circle
Knowledge & meaning Top-Down ↓ > Speech Perc Bottom-up ^ Acoustic Signal
52
Meaning & Phoneme PERC, Turvey & Gelder Exp
Short words (ex sin, bat) & short non-words (jum, baf) presented to listener w/ the task to push button when hear target phoneme -Result: Listeners were faster with words (580ms) vs non-words (631ms)
53
Meaning & Phoneme PERC, Warren Exp
Hear sentence w/ cough covering a phoneme, listener to ID where cough occurs Result: Couldn't ID where & didn't notice missing phoneme
54
Phonemic Restoration Effect
Speech perc when listeners perc phoneme in a word even when it is obscured by another sound -Impacted by meaning of words following missing phoneme -Speech determined by acoustic signal nature & context producing expectations -Longer and real words INC likelihood of ^ (top-down)
55
Miller & Isgard Exp, Meaning & word perc
3 stim sentences: -Normal grammatical sentences = M accurate -Anomalous but grammatical sentences = Less accurate -Ungrammatical word strings = Least accurate Listeners were to shadow/repeat sentences heard. Accuracy DEC w/ background noise
56
Indexical Characteristics
Characteristics of speaker's voice by age, G, emotional state, lvl of seriousness, ect
57
Palmeri, Goldinger, & Pisoni Exp on speaker characteristics
Listeners were faster at indicating new words in a sequence if the same speaker was used for all of the words
58
Broca's Aphasia
Dmg in frontal lobe = Broca’s area = Labored and stilted speech, short sentences but can comprehend others
59
Wernicke's Aphasia
Dmg in temporal lobe = Wernicke’s area = Speak fluently BUT is disorganized and meaningless w/ diff understanding others
60
Experience Dependent Plasticity
Before 1 infants hear diff btwn sounds in all lang. W/ time brain tunes to respond best to speech in ENV, differentiation disappearing w/out ENV reinforcement
61
Motor Theory of Speech Perc
Liberman et al suggests motor mechanisms are responsible for producing sounds that activate mech for perc sound
62
Watkins et al Exp w/ monkeys supporting Motor THeory
Transcranial magnetic stim (TMS) stim motor cortex for face movement Results: Motor Evoked POtentials (MEP) - Small mvmts for mouth -Where stream may work with what stream for speech perc

Sensation & Perception (3 decks)

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