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Honors Biology > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

reproduction at the cellular level

A

this occurs when one cell called the parent cell divides and forms new cells called the daughter cell

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2
Q

unicellular organisms which consist of 1 cell do what by cellular division?

A

reproduce

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3
Q

multicellular organisms which consist of many cells do what by cellular division?

A

grow, heal, replace

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4
Q

why must cellular division occur?

A

to keep the cell size small because otherwise osmosis and diffusion wouldn’t be able to happen

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5
Q

what do daughter calls receive from the parent cell?

A

organelles, cytoplasm, and DNA

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6
Q

human bodies rely on cell division to do what

A

grow (1 cell ,2, 4, 8, 16, etc.)
replace worn or old cells
heal cuts, broken bones, etc.

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7
Q

bacteria divides every how often?

A

20 minutes

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8
Q

a human cell divides every how many hours

A

18-22 hours but it varies by cell. for example, bone cells take 20+ years to divide

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9
Q

asexual reproduction

A

the production of offspring from one parent cell

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10
Q

sexual reproduction

A

offspring is produced from the union of two special parental cells

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11
Q

where does binary fission occur?

A

in prokaryotes and protists

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12
Q

list the four types of asexual reproduction

A
  1. Binary Fission
  2. (Vegetative) Propagation (above ground)
  3. Regeneration
  4. Propagation (below ground)
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13
Q

explain vegetative propagation in strawberries

A

stems that grow entire plants

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14
Q

explain regeneration in starfish

A

grow parts were they have lost parts

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15
Q

explain propagation in potatoes

A

stem/”eyes” propagate new plants (clones)

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16
Q

gametes

A

specialized sex cells that joins and results in sexual reproduction

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17
Q

sperm

A

male gamete

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18
Q

egg/ova

A

female gamete

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19
Q

zygote

A

formed in the process of fertilization when the egg and sperm combine

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20
Q

Mitosis

A

it happens in somatic cells and is the cell division of eukaryotic cells (asexual)

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21
Q

what is the result of mitosis

A

each daughter cell receives an exact copy of the chromosomes present in the parent cell (the directions)

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22
Q

each kind of eukaryotic organism has a specific number of what I its body cells

A

chromosomes

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23
Q

somatic cells

A

body cells

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24
Q

how many chromosomes do humans have

A

46

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25
how many chromosomes do goldfish have
92
26
corn plants are _____ because the have many chromosomes
polyploidy
27
how many chromosomes do mosquitos have
about 10
28
name the three main parts of cell replication
1. chromosome replication 2. organelles must be made 3. must by cytoplasm growth
29
how long is the actual chromosome division and how long may the whole cycle take
1 hour for actual chromosome division and 20 hours for the whole cycle
30
interphase
the time between divisions
31
what two things happen during interphase
1. DNA is copied | 2. More organelles and cytoplasm are made
32
chromatin
the hereditary material (DNA and Protein)
33
chromosomes
short thick rods that begin to coil up and condense at the start of mitosis
34
chromatids
chromosomes have two
35
centromeres
hold together the two chromatids in a chromosome
36
list the phases of mitosis
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase
37
pro
pre
38
what happens in prophase
1. chromosomes and centrioles appear 2. spindle fibers appear 3. centrioles/fibers "catch" chromosomes 4. 60% of mitosis=prophase
39
spindle fibers
protein tubes that form between the centrioles
40
asters
centrioles they are formed with spindle fibers and additional tubules their functions are unknown
41
many plant cells have spindle fibers but not what two things
centrioles and asters
42
meta
middle
43
what two things happen in metaphase
1. spindle fibers attach to chromosomes | 2. chromosomes move to middle of the cell
44
why is metaphase the best place to study chromosomes?
they are easy to locate because they are in the middle
45
ana
later
46
what three things happen in anaphase
1. spindle fibers shorten 2. centromeres split 3. chromatids separate
47
telo
top or end
48
what three things happen in telophase
1. spindle fibers disappear 2. nuclear membranes form 3. chromosomes uncoil and become chromatin again
49
cyto
cell
50
kinesis
movement
51
cytokinesis begins during what phase of mitosis?
telophase
52
cytokinesis
the cells are moving away from each other
53
during cytokinesis in animal cells what happens to the cell membrane
it pinches inward and together
54
during cytokinesis in animals what happen before the cell membrane can pinch inward and together?
a cell wall must be formed
55
what is a cell wall produced by?
Golgi body
56
what happens if two cells combined in sexual reproduction
the daughter cell would have 92 chromosomes
57
homologues
pairs of chromosomes in somatic cells
58
humans have 46 chromosomes with how many homologous pairs
23
59
diploid example
human number of chromosomes
60
a gamete has how many member per pair of chromosomes
1
61
a human gamete has only has how many chromosomes
23`
62
meiosis
reduces the number of chromosomes to half the number in somatic cells. it required two successive cell divisions. it Is preceded by the making od DNA and the replication of chromosomes
63
meiosis 1 (reduction division)
chromosomes divide. IT reduces the number of chromosomes from a diploid to a haploid number
64
meiosis 2
chromatids separate and daughter cells are produced as haploids
65
synopsis
the process of homologous chromosomes coming together
66
tetrad
formed when chromosomes lie next to each other
67
meiosis in male cells results in how many cells that change into sperm
4
68
meiosis in female cells results in how many viable eggs because the cytoplasm divides equally
1
69
heredity
passing of traits from parent to offspring
70
genetics
the scientific study of heredity
71
traits are transmitted by way of what
chromosomes
72
genes
units of heredity
73
Gregor Mendel
"father of genetics", monk and teacher, on July 22, 1822 experimented with pea plants
74
what did Mendel use pea plants?
when the peas fertilize themselves (self-pollination) their generational offspring is genetically identical and have the same traits
75
parent plants
p generation
76
Mendel performed what in order to mix the genes?
cross-pollination
77
first generation
f1
78
what did Mendel discover after testing all of the traits
one trait in each pair showed up in the F1 generation and the other seemed to disappear
79
Mendel allowed F1 to self pollinate producing the what generation
F2
80
Mendel discovered what ration?
that for every four plants, 3 were tall, and one was short (3:1)
81
what does the principle of dominance state
one gene in a pair may prevent the other gene from being expressed
82
dominant
gene that masks the other gene; capital letter
83
recessive
gene that is hidden in the F1 generation; lowercase letter
84
homozygous
two identical genes
85
homozygous dominant/recessive
two genes are both dominant/recessive
86
heterozygous
both a dominant and a recessive gene
87
what does the principle of segregation state?
the members of each pair of genes separate when gametes are formed
88
when are gametes formed?
meiosis
89
what does the principle of independent assortment state
two or more pairs of genes segregate independently of one another during the formation of gametes. the genes have to me on different chromosomes
90
allele
term used to refer to either member of pair of genes
91
genotype
a pair of alleles in the cells of an organism
92
phenotype
"physical traits" a trait that is actually expressed in an organism
93
punnett squares
a grid or chart which shoes all passible gene combinations for a cross. Male is on the top and female on the left
94
monohybrid
crosses involving one trait
95
dihybrid
crosses involving two traits
96
proof of Independent assortment
dihybrid (a cross of two pairs of alleles)
97
incomplete dominance states
not all phenotypes result from dominant and recessive genes

Honors Biology (8 decks)

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