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Honors Biology > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

reproduction at the cellular level

A

this occurs when one cell called the parent cell divides and forms new cells called the daughter cell

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2
Q

unicellular organisms which consist of 1 cell do what by cellular division?

A

reproduce

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3
Q

multicellular organisms which consist of many cells do what by cellular division?

A

grow, heal, replace

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4
Q

why must cellular division occur?

A

to keep the cell size small because otherwise osmosis and diffusion wouldn’t be able to happen

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5
Q

what do daughter calls receive from the parent cell?

A

organelles, cytoplasm, and DNA

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6
Q

human bodies rely on cell division to do what

A

grow (1 cell ,2, 4, 8, 16, etc.)
replace worn or old cells
heal cuts, broken bones, etc.

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7
Q

bacteria divides every how often?

A

20 minutes

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8
Q

a human cell divides every how many hours

A

18-22 hours but it varies by cell. for example, bone cells take 20+ years to divide

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9
Q

asexual reproduction

A

the production of offspring from one parent cell

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10
Q

sexual reproduction

A

offspring is produced from the union of two special parental cells

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11
Q

where does binary fission occur?

A

in prokaryotes and protists

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12
Q

list the four types of asexual reproduction

A
  1. Binary Fission
  2. (Vegetative) Propagation (above ground)
  3. Regeneration
  4. Propagation (below ground)
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13
Q

explain vegetative propagation in strawberries

A

stems that grow entire plants

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14
Q

explain regeneration in starfish

A

grow parts were they have lost parts

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15
Q

explain propagation in potatoes

A

stem/”eyes” propagate new plants (clones)

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16
Q

gametes

A

specialized sex cells that joins and results in sexual reproduction

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17
Q

sperm

A

male gamete

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18
Q

egg/ova

A

female gamete

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19
Q

zygote

A

formed in the process of fertilization when the egg and sperm combine

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20
Q

Mitosis

A

it happens in somatic cells and is the cell division of eukaryotic cells (asexual)

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21
Q

what is the result of mitosis

A

each daughter cell receives an exact copy of the chromosomes present in the parent cell (the directions)

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22
Q

each kind of eukaryotic organism has a specific number of what I its body cells

A

chromosomes

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23
Q

somatic cells

A

body cells

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24
Q

how many chromosomes do humans have

A

46

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25
Q

how many chromosomes do goldfish have

A

92

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26
Q

corn plants are _____ because the have many chromosomes

A

polyploidy

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27
Q

how many chromosomes do mosquitos have

A

about 10

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28
Q

name the three main parts of cell replication

A
  1. chromosome replication
  2. organelles must be made
  3. must by cytoplasm growth
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29
Q

how long is the actual chromosome division and how long may the whole cycle take

A

1 hour for actual chromosome division and 20 hours for the whole cycle

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30
Q

interphase

A

the time between divisions

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31
Q

what two things happen during interphase

A
  1. DNA is copied

2. More organelles and cytoplasm are made

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32
Q

chromatin

A

the hereditary material (DNA and Protein)

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33
Q

chromosomes

A

short thick rods that begin to coil up and condense at the start of mitosis

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34
Q

chromatids

A

chromosomes have two

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35
Q

centromeres

A

hold together the two chromatids in a chromosome

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36
Q

list the phases of mitosis

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase

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37
Q

pro

A

pre

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38
Q

what happens in prophase

A
  1. chromosomes and centrioles appear
  2. spindle fibers appear
  3. centrioles/fibers “catch” chromosomes
  4. 60% of mitosis=prophase
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39
Q

spindle fibers

A

protein tubes that form between the centrioles

40
Q

asters

A

centrioles
they are formed with spindle fibers and additional tubules
their functions are unknown

41
Q

many plant cells have spindle fibers but not what two things

A

centrioles and asters

42
Q

meta

A

middle

43
Q

what two things happen in metaphase

A
  1. spindle fibers attach to chromosomes

2. chromosomes move to middle of the cell

44
Q

why is metaphase the best place to study chromosomes?

A

they are easy to locate because they are in the middle

45
Q

ana

A

later

46
Q

what three things happen in anaphase

A
  1. spindle fibers shorten
  2. centromeres split
  3. chromatids separate
47
Q

telo

A

top or end

48
Q

what three things happen in telophase

A
  1. spindle fibers disappear
  2. nuclear membranes form
  3. chromosomes uncoil and become chromatin again
49
Q

cyto

A

cell

50
Q

kinesis

A

movement

51
Q

cytokinesis begins during what phase of mitosis?

A

telophase

52
Q

cytokinesis

A

the cells are moving away from each other

53
Q

during cytokinesis in animal cells what happens to the cell membrane

A

it pinches inward and together

54
Q

during cytokinesis in animals what happen before the cell membrane can pinch inward and together?

A

a cell wall must be formed

55
Q

what is a cell wall produced by?

A

Golgi body

56
Q

what happens if two cells combined in sexual reproduction

A

the daughter cell would have 92 chromosomes

57
Q

homologues

A

pairs of chromosomes in somatic cells

58
Q

humans have 46 chromosomes with how many homologous pairs

A

23

59
Q

diploid example

A

human number of chromosomes

60
Q

a gamete has how many member per pair of chromosomes

A

1

61
Q

a human gamete has only has how many chromosomes

A

23`

62
Q

meiosis

A

reduces the number of chromosomes to half the number in somatic cells. it required two successive cell divisions. it Is preceded by the making od DNA and the replication of chromosomes

63
Q

meiosis 1 (reduction division)

A

chromosomes divide. IT reduces the number of chromosomes from a diploid to a haploid number

64
Q

meiosis 2

A

chromatids separate and daughter cells are produced as haploids

65
Q

synopsis

A

the process of homologous chromosomes coming together

66
Q

tetrad

A

formed when chromosomes lie next to each other

67
Q

meiosis in male cells results in how many cells that change into sperm

A

4

68
Q

meiosis in female cells results in how many viable eggs because the cytoplasm divides equally

A

1

69
Q

heredity

A

passing of traits from parent to offspring

70
Q

genetics

A

the scientific study of heredity

71
Q

traits are transmitted by way of what

A

chromosomes

72
Q

genes

A

units of heredity

73
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

“father of genetics”, monk and teacher, on July 22, 1822 experimented with pea plants

74
Q

what did Mendel use pea plants?

A

when the peas fertilize themselves (self-pollination) their generational offspring is genetically identical and have the same traits

75
Q

parent plants

A

p generation

76
Q

Mendel performed what in order to mix the genes?

A

cross-pollination

77
Q

first generation

A

f1

78
Q

what did Mendel discover after testing all of the traits

A

one trait in each pair showed up in the F1 generation and the other seemed to disappear

79
Q

Mendel allowed F1 to self pollinate producing the what generation

A

F2

80
Q

Mendel discovered what ration?

A

that for every four plants, 3 were tall, and one was short (3:1)

81
Q

what does the principle of dominance state

A

one gene in a pair may prevent the other gene from being expressed

82
Q

dominant

A

gene that masks the other gene; capital letter

83
Q

recessive

A

gene that is hidden in the F1 generation; lowercase letter

84
Q

homozygous

A

two identical genes

85
Q

homozygous dominant/recessive

A

two genes are both dominant/recessive

86
Q

heterozygous

A

both a dominant and a recessive gene

87
Q

what does the principle of segregation state?

A

the members of each pair of genes separate when gametes are formed

88
Q

when are gametes formed?

A

meiosis

89
Q

what does the principle of independent assortment state

A

two or more pairs of genes segregate independently of one another during the formation of gametes. the genes have to me on different chromosomes

90
Q

allele

A

term used to refer to either member of pair of genes

91
Q

genotype

A

a pair of alleles in the cells of an organism

92
Q

phenotype

A

“physical traits” a trait that is actually expressed in an organism

93
Q

punnett squares

A

a grid or chart which shoes all passible gene combinations for a cross. Male is on the top and female on the left

94
Q

monohybrid

A

crosses involving one trait

95
Q

dihybrid

A

crosses involving two traits

96
Q

proof of Independent assortment

A

dihybrid (a cross of two pairs of alleles)

97
Q

incomplete dominance states

A

not all phenotypes result from dominant and recessive genes

Honors Biology (8 decks)

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