Unit 4 & 5 Flashcards
(24 cards)
what parts of the brain are responsible for memory
the amygdala, the hippocampus, the cerebellum, and the prefrontal cortex
the process of encoding, storage, and retrieval
encoding is the act of getting information into our memory system through automatic or effortful processing
storage refers to maintaining information over time
retrieval is the ability to access information when you need it
the terms Automatic Processing and Effortful Processing and their differences
automatic processing: The unconscious processing of incidental or well-learned information
effortful processing: Active processing of information that requires sustained effort
differences: automatic processes require few attentional resources, but effortful processes use attentional capacity
the terms and differences between Recall and Recognition
recognition is the ability to recognize something you have seen before
recall is the ability to remember something without being prompted
what Iconic Memory and Echoic Memory are and examples of them
echoic memory is sensory memory from auditory (sound) input example: echoic memory refers to a momentary sensory memory of an auditory stimuli
iconic memory pertains to sensory memory from visual input example: iconic memory is a picture memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
what Short Term Memory and Long Term Memory are
Short-term memory (or memory) refers to information processed in a short period of time
Long-term memory allows us to store information for long periods of time, including information that can be retrieved consciously (explicit memory) or unconsciously (implicit memory)
what Divided and Selective Attention is
Selective attention involves focusing awareness on one stimulus while tuning out others, not ignoring them completely
Divided attention, however, requires paying close attention to two different stimuli simultaneously. Divided attention is best demonstrated when people are doing more than one activity at once
what Explicite, Episodic, and Implicit memory is
Implicit and explicit memory are both types of long-term memory
The information we store or remember unconsciously is called implicit memory
the information we memorize consciously is known as explicit memory
Episodic memory involves the ability to learn, store, and retrieve information about unique personal experiences that occur in daily life
what are problems with encoding information and its retrieval
encoding difficulties can result from excessive multi-tasking or sleep deprivation, they can also be caused by mental health conditions like depression or anxiety
How we encode information determines how it will be stored and what cues will be effective when we try to retrieve it
Understanding Ebbinghaus forgetting curve
The Forgetting Curve, or the Ebbinghaus Curve of Forgetting, is an influential memory model. It shows how learned information slips out of our memories over
Proactive and Retroactive Interference
Proactive interference happens when a person is trying to learn or recall a new memory while the old memory keeps interfering
Retroactive interference happens when new memories interfere with trying to remember old memories or information
different ways to improve memory
priming occurs when an individual’s exposure to a certain stimulus influences their response to a subsequent prompt, without any awareness of the connection
mnemonic are memory devices that help learners recall larger pieces of information
The method of loci is a strategy for memory enhancement, which uses visualizations of familiar spatial environments in order to enhance the recall of information
Retrieval cues are aspects of an individual’s physical and cognitive environment which aid the recall process
difference between State Dependent, Mood Congruent, and Context
Dependent memory theories.
context-dependent memory might refer to the idea that taking a test in the same room that an individual studied in will make it easier to retrieve those memories
state-dependent learning refers to the idea that if an individual always studied for a test while slightly caffeinated, it will most likely be easiest to recall what they studied during the test if they are at a similar level of caffeination
Mood congruence is the consistency between a person’s emotional state with the broader situations and circumstances being experienced by the persons at that time
difference between Algorithm and Heuristic Problem solving
Algorithms are comprehensive step-by-step procedures. They are exhaustive and guarantee the correct solution, but may be time-consuming and require a lot of mental effort
heuristics are shortcut strategies or rules-of-thumb
differences between Availability and Representative Heuristics
availability heuristic makes us estimate the likelihood of an event based on our ability to recall similar events
heuristic makes us estimate the probability of something based on the degree to which it resembles (or is representative of) a known situation
Prototype, Functional Fixedness, Mental Set, and Schema
prototype is defined as a mental representation of an object or concept
a tendency to only think of an object’s most common use when presented with a problem
the brain’s tendency to stick with the most familiar solution to a problem and stubbornly ignore alternatives
a cognitive structure representing a person’s knowledge about some entity or situation
difference between Fluid and Crystalline Intelligence
Fluid intelligence is your ability to process new information, learn, and solve problems.
Crystallized intelligence is your stored knowledge, accumulated over the years
theories and the people behind the study of intelligence
Charles Spearman
Howard Gardner
Robert Sternberg
John Horna and Raymond Cattell
Understand and explain the Flynn Effect
The Flynn Effect refers to the substantial and consistent rise in average IQ scores observed over the past century in numerous countries,
who Stanford and Binet are
The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale was first developed in 1905 by French psychologist Alfred Binet and his collaborator Theodore Simon to test the attention, memory, and verbal skill of schoolchildren and thereby measure their intelligence. It was revised in 1908 and 1911
Alfred Binet was a French psychologist responsible for the development of the first practical IQ test
how to find IQ score on the Binet-Stanford Test
IQ score = Mental age/chronological age multiplied by 100 (MA/CA x 100)
the parts of language
Phonemes:the element p in “tap,” which separates that word from “tab,” “tag,” and “tan.”
Morphemes: the smallest unit of language that contains meaning
Words:a sound or combination of sounds that has meaning and is spoken by a human being. a written or printed letter or letters standing for a spoken word
Sentences:a group of words, usually containing a verb, that expresses a thought in the form of a statement, question, instruction, or exclamation”.
What Critical Period Theory is
The critical period hypothesis is a linguistic theory that directly links age and language acquisition
Whorf’s and Chomsky’s theories on language are and examples
Sapir-Whorf basically says that human language has a direct impact on how we think by directly influencing other centers of cognition in the brain (highly interconnected centers of the brain)
while Chomsky says that human language is quite a bit more separated from the brain, and is something far more innate and isolated from other centers of cognition.
