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Nutrition > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Water soluble vitamins

A

Water-soluble vitamins include the B vitamins and vitamin C

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2
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

Fat-soluble vitamins include A, D, E and K

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3
Q

Fortification

A

Process of adding nutrients to foods – The added nutrients are generally not found in the food or are added in much larger amount

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4
Q

Enrichment

A

Adding nutrients back to foods that have lost nutrients due to processing

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5
Q

B Vitamins

A 
Thiamin
Riboflavin
Niacin
Pantothenic acid
Biotin
B6
Folate
B12
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6
Q

Water soluble vitamins are easily…

A

Absorbed and excreted

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7
Q

B Vitamins act as… for enzymes

A

Coenzymes

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8
Q

Thiamin

A

energy production
carbohydrate metabolism
production of ribose
health of the nervous system

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9
Q

Deficiency in Thiamin

A

Beri Beri

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10
Q

Thiamin deficiency in alcoholics

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome—a deficiency of

thiamin in alcoholics

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11
Q

Symptoms of beri beri

A

weakness, neuritis, edema, paralysis and heart failure.

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12
Q

Dietary sources of riboflavin

A

Dairy products

Plant sources of riboflavin include mushrooms, broccoli,
asparagus, whole grains and green, leafy vegetables.

Animal sources include red meat, poultry and fish.

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13
Q

Riboflavin function

A

Riboflavin is an important component in the citric acid
cycle and for assisting the body with the absorption of other
vitamins.

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14
Q

Riboflavin deficiency

A

Ariboflavinosis

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15
Q

Symptoms of Ariboflavinosis

A

cracking of lips and corners of mouth as

well as inflammation of the tongue.

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16
Q

Sources of Niacin

A

Niacin can be synthesized in the body from the essential amino acid tryptophan if the diet is adequate in tryptophan.

Enriched in foods

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17
Q

Niacin function

A

Niacin plays an important role in the production of energy and in general metabolism.

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18
Q

Niacin Deficiency

A

Pellagra

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19
Q

Symptoms of pellagra

A

Advanced pellagra’s symptoms include the 3 D’s: dermatitis, diarrhea and dementia and eventually the 4th D-death.

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20
Q

Vitamin supplement used to treat high cholesterol - but considered risky

A

Niacin supplements have been used to treat high blood

cholesterol.

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21
Q

Niacin toxicity symptoms

A 
flushing, elevated blood
pressure, cardiac arrhythmia,
nausea, vomiting, elevated
blood sugar levels and
impaired liver function.
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22
Q

Which vitamin can decrease skin cancer?

A

Niacin

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23
Q

Pantothenic Acid function

A

Important in energy
metabolism

Stimulates growth

Widespread in foods

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24
Q

Biotin Function

A

Biotin functions as a
coenzyme in energy
metabolism

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25
Q

Sources of biotin

A

Dietary sources are liver, egg

yolks, yogurt, and nuts

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26
Q

White part of egg contains ______ that destroys_____

A

Avidin

Biotin

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27
Q

Vitamin B6 is also called

A

pyridoxine

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28
Q

Vitamin B6 deficiency could result in

A

Anemia due to impaired hemoglobin synthesis and neurotransmitter issues.

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29
Q

B6 deficiency symptoms

A

Weakening immune
response – Weakness, irritability, &
insomnia – Greasy, flaky dermatitis;
anemia; convulsions

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30
Q

B6 toxicity

A

Numbness of the
extremities –
Stored extensively in muscle
tissue

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31
Q

Has a synthetic and natural form

A

Folate (folic acid)

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32
Q

Function of folate

A

DNA synthesis and the metabolism of some amino acids.

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33
Q

Low intake of _______ during pregnancy can result in increased risk of _____

A

Low folate intake in early pregnancy is associated with an

increased risk of neural tube defects

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34
Q

Low folate intake has been associated with _________ related to the metabolism of_______

A

Low folate intake has been associated with an increased
risk of heart disease related to the metabolism of the
amino acid homocysteine.

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35
Q

Danger of homocysteine

A

Damages epithelial tissue causing acshlerschlorosis

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36
Q

Folate deficiency

A

Macrocytic anemia and neural tube defects (infants)

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37
Q

B12 function

A

Necessary for the proper absorption of iron in the body

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38
Q

B12 most readily absorbed from

A

Animal products

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39
Q

Problem that might lead to B12 deficiency

A

Atrophic gastritis

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40
Q

B12 deficiency

A

Pernicious Anemia - does no respond to iron supplementation

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41
Q

Excessive intake of ________ can mask a B12 deficiency

A

Folic acid

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42
Q

Nervous system problems would suggest a deficiency in

A

B12

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43
Q

Vitamin C also known as

A

Known as ascorbic acid or ascorbate

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44
Q

Can be destroyed in food by oxygen, light and heat, as well as
contact with copper or iron cookware

A

Vitamin C

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45
Q

Can be destroyed by light or heat

A

Riboflavin

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46
Q

Water soluble vitamin that is an antioxidant

A

C

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47
Q

Vitamin C function

A

Helps maintain the immune system
– Important in the production of collagen
– Aids in iron absorption
- Antioxidant

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48
Q

Sources of vitamin C

A

Citrus, tomatoes, broccoli, strawberries, potatoes

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49
Q

Early signs of vitamin C deficiency

A

Bleeding gums, capillaries

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50
Q

Vitamin C deficiency

A

Scurvy

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51
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

A, E, D, K

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52
Q

Fat soluble vitamins require ….. for absorption

A

Require bile and dietary fat for absorption

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53
Q

Lipoprotein that transports fat soluble vitamins

A

chylomicrons

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54
Q

Can be stored; not necessary for daily intake

A

Fat soluble vitamins

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55
Q

Not easily excreted

A

Fat soluble vitamins

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56
Q

Vitamin A (form in animal products)

A

Found preformed, from animal products or supplements,

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57
Q

Preformed vitamin A compounds are known as

A

Retinoids

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58
Q

Plants contain precursors to vitamin A known as

A

Carotenoids

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59
Q

Vitamin A function

A

Plays a key role in night vision, cell differentiation and growth regulation

60
Q

Beta-carotene comes from

A

Deeply colored veggies, fruits,

Precursor

61
Q

Vitamin A deficiency can cause

A

Blindness

Keratinized epithelial tissues (eyes)

62
Q

Preformed vitamin A only found in

A

Animal foods
(Liver, fatty fish oil)
Fortified foods

63
Q

Beta-Carotene is a….. and acts as a ….

A

Is a plant-derived precursor

an extremely effective antioxidant

64
Q

White plant foods contain no

A

Beta-carotene

65
Q

Vitamin D function

A

Important for bone health, normal functioning of the parathyroid gland and regulation of the immune system

66
Q

Vitamin D deficiency in adults and children

A

Rickets—vitamin D deficiency in children

Osteomalacia—vitamin D deficiency in adults

67
Q

Oversupplementation of vitamin D can result in

A

high blood and urine calcium
concentrations, depositing of calcium in
blood vessels and kidneys, cardiovascular
damage and possibly death

68
Q

Vitamin D sources

A 
Eggs
– Liver
– Butter
– Some fish
– Fortified milk (infant)

Fortified products (yogurts)

69
Q

Fat soluble antioxidant

A

Vitamin E

70
Q

Form of vitamin E absorbed by human body

A

Alpha-tocopherol

71
Q

Absorption of vitamin E depends on

A 
Absorption depends on normal
fat absorption (cystic fibrosis)
72
Q

Vitamin E deficiency in infants results in

A

hemolytic anemia

73
Q

Vitamin E destroyed by

A

Heat and oxidation

74
Q

Vitamin E found in

A

Fortified foods, vegetable oils

75
Q

High doses of Vitamin E can

A

Interfere with blood-clotting action
of vitamin K

Enhance anticoagulant medications

76
Q

Function of Vitamin K

A

Blood clotting

Synthesis of several bone proteins

77
Q

Location of synthesis of vitamin k

A

Intestine

78
Q

Doses of _____ given to infants for GI tract

A

Vitamin K

79
Q

Vitamin K can interfere with

A

Anticoagulant medication

80
Q

Vitamin K sources

A

Green leafy
vegetables • Members of cabbage
family • Liver • Milk • Eggs

81
Q

ADH function

A

Hormone that helps regulate urinary water loss. ADH signals kidney to reabsorb water

82
Q

Three principle electrolytes in body fluids

A

Sodium
Potassium
Chloride

83
Q

Babies and older adults need more water because

A

Kidneys are less mature and developed and able to concentrate urine

84
Q

Electrolytes are

A

Minerals

85
Q

Ions that conduct electrical currents in solution

A

Electrolytes

86
Q

electrolytes function

A

Important for nerve transmission, blood pressure regulation, muscle contraction

87
Q

Deficiency in electrolytes is mostly due to

A

Fluid loss

88
Q

High levels of potassium can cause

A

Heart arrhythmias and death

89
Q

Potassium toxicity is most likely in someone who

A

Has kidney disease or takes too many supplements

90
Q

Processed foods are high in… and low in…

A

Sodium

Potassium

91
Q

Long term problems associated with sodium intake

A

More rigid vessels and heart problems

92
Q

Lower sodium, higher….. is a healthier lifestyle

A

Potassium

93
Q

Desirable blood pressure

A

110/80

94
Q

Blood pressure

A

Pressure of blood against blood vessels

95
Q

Hypertension

A

140/90

96
Q

Amount of sodium in regular salt is the same as in

A

Sea salt

97
Q

Most sodium in the diet comes from

A

Processed foods, restaurant foods and pre made food

98
Q

Diet type for high blood pressure

A

DASH

99
Q

DASH diet effect on Bp

A

High in calcium, potassium and magnesium which lower Bp

100
Q

Macrocytic anemia

A

B12 and folate

101
Q

B12 requires… to absorb B12

A

Intrinsic Factor

102
Q

Vitamin C associated with collagen for

A

Tissue repair

103
Q

Blood thinner

A

Vitamin E

104
Q

Blood clotter

A

Vitamin K

105
Q

Vitamin K made by

A

Flora of the colon

106
Q

Avoid… in the diet

A

Processed meat

107
Q

Major minerals

A

Needed in the diet in amounts

greater than 100 mg per day or are

108
Q

Trace minerals

A

Less than 100 mg day

109
Q

Phytates

A

phytates can limit the body’s ability to absorb calcium, iron, zinc

110
Q

Minerals act as

A

Cofactors

111
Q

Function of calcium

A

Provide structure to bones, regulation,

112
Q

Bioavailability of calcium is decreased in the presence of

A

tannins, fiber, phytates and oxalates

113
Q

Calcium in body fluid function

A

in nerve transmission, muscle contractions, blood pressure

regulation and the release of hormones (1%)

114
Q

Low calcium can cause

A

Osteoporosis

115
Q

Substance mostly found in teeth and is more readily absorbed than calcium

A

Phosphorous

116
Q

Phosphorous deficiency

A

Leads to loss of appetite, bone mass and weakness

117
Q

Magnesium found in

A

Bone and inside cells

118
Q

Acts as a cofactors for 300 enzymes

A

Magnesium

119
Q

Iron containing component of blood

A

Hemoglobin

120
Q

Heme iron

A

Animal products

121
Q

Non heme iron

A

Animal products

122
Q

Which iron is more readily absorbed?

A

Animal, heme iron

123
Q

Iron absorbed into

A

Intestinal mucosa cells

124
Q

Major iron storage protein

A

Ferritin

125
Q

Iron transport protein

A

Transferrin

126
Q

When iron exceeds the storage capacity of ferattin, what is produced?

A

Hemosiderin

127
Q

When iron is deficient …. cannot be produced

A

Hemoglobin

128
Q

Iron deficiency causes red blood cells to be

A

Microcytic

Hypochromic

129
Q

Enhance iron absorption

A

Meat factor

Vitamin c

130
Q

Impair iron absorption

A 
Phytates and fiber
Soy
Legumes
Tea 
Nuts
Calcium
131
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

Iron overload

132
Q

People with higher levels of ferritin are more likely to develop

A

Type 2 diabetes

133
Q

Zinc is essential for

A

Growth and development

134
Q

Zinc from…. sources is better absorbed

A

Animal

135
Q

…. affect bioavailability of zinc

A

Phytates

136
Q

Related to superoxide dismutase, a free radical inhibiting enzyme

A

Zinc

137
Q

Zinc can reduce the bioavailability of

A

Copper

138
Q

Function of copper

A

Help protect against anemia

139
Q

Essential component of thyroid hormones

A

Iodine

140
Q

Low thyroid hormone levels can cause

A

A goiter

141
Q

Diets high in …. can decrease bioavailability of iodine

A

Goitrogrens - cabbage, millet

142
Q

Hereditary defect due to lack of iodine

A

Cretinism

143
Q

Chromium is involved in

A

Lipid and carbohydrate metabolism

144
Q

Cooking with steel can increase…. content in food

A

Chromium

145
Q

…..rich good reduce bioavailability of fluoride

A

Calcium

Nutrition (1 decks)

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