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Child Psychology > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

differentiation

A

process by which behaviors and psychical structures become more specialized

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2
Q

failure to thrive

A

disorder of impaired growth in infancy and early childhood characterized by failure to gain weight within normal limits

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3
Q

marasums

A

a wasted, potentially lethal body condition caused by inadequate nutrition and characterized by painful thinness

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4
Q

canalization

A

the tendency of growth rates to return to genetically determined patterns after undergoing environmentally induced change

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5
Q

kwashiorkor

A

a form of protein-energy malnutrition in which the body may break down its own reserves of protein, resulting in enlargement of the stomach, swollen feet, and other symptoms

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6
Q

nerves

A

bundles of axons from many neurons

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7
Q

neurons

A

nerve cells; cells found in the nervous system that transmit messages

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8
Q

dendrites

A

the rootlike parts of a neuron that receive impulses from other neurons

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9
Q

axon

A

a long, thin part of a neuron that transmits impulses to other neurons through small branching structures called axon terminals

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10
Q

neurotransmitter

A

a chemical substance that makes possible the transmission of neural impulses form one neuron to another

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11
Q

myelin sheath

A

a fatty, white substance that encases and insulates neurons, permitting more rapid transmission of neural impulses

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12
Q

myelination

A

the process by which axons are coated with myelin

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13
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

a disorder in which myelin is replaced by hard, fibrous tissue that impedes neural transmission

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14
Q

medulla

A

an oblong area of the hindbrain involved in heartbeat and respiration

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15
Q

cerebellum

A

the part of the hindbrain involved in muscle coordination and balance

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16
Q

cerebrum

A

the large mass of the forebrain, which consists of two hemispheres

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17
Q

ulnar grasp

A

a method of grasping objects in which the fingers close somewhat clumsily against the palm

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18
Q

pincer grasp

A

the use of the opposing thumb to grasp objects between the thumb and other fingers

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19
Q

locomotion

A

movement from one place to another

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20
Q

toddler

A

a child who walks with short, uncertain steps; around 12 months to 30 months, bridges infancy and early childhood

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21
Q

sensation

A

the stimulation of sensory organs, such as the eyes, ears, and skin, and the transition of sensory information to the brain

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22
Q

perception

A

the process by which sensations are organized into a mental map of the world

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23
Q

perceptual constancy

A

the tendency to perceive objects as the same even though they sensations produced by them may different when, they differ in position or distance

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24
Q

size constancy

A

the tendency to perceive objects as being the same size even though the sizes of their images on the retina may differ as a result of distance

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25
shape constancy
the tendency to perceive objects as being the same shape even though the shapes of their images on the retina may differ from the objects are viewed form different positions
26
habituation
process in which one becomes used to a repeated stimulus and therefore pays less attention to it
27
Cephalocaudal Development
- head to lower parts | - head develops more rapidly than rest of body
28
Proximodistal Development
develop trunk outward
29
scheme
according to Piaget, an action pattern (such as a reflex) or mental structure that is involved in the acquisition or organization of knowledge
30
assimilation
according to Piaget, the incorporation of new events or knowledge into existing schemes
31
accommodation
according to Piaget, the modification of existing chasms in order to incorporate new events or knowledge
32
primary circular reactions
the repetition of actions that first occurred by chance and that focus on the infant's own body
33
secondary circular reactions
the repetition of actions that produce an effect on the environment
34
tertiary circular reactions
the purposeful adaptation of established schemes to new situations
35
object permanence
recognition that objects continue to exist even when they are not seen
36
deferred imitation
the imitation of people and events that were encountered or experienced hours, days, or week sin the past
37
visual recognition memory
the kind of memory shown in an infant's ability to discriminate previously seen objects from novel objects
38
prelinguistic
referring to vocalizations made nu the infant before the development of language
39
cooing
prelinguistic, articulated vowel-like sounds that appear to reflect feelings of positive excitement
40
babbling
the child's first vocalizations that have the sounds of speech
41
echolalia
automatic repetition of sounds or words
42
intonation
the use of pitches of varying levels to help communicate meaning
43
receptive vocabulary
the sum totally of the words whose meanings one understands
44
expressive vocabulary
the sum total of the words that one can use in the production of language
45
referential language style
use of language primarily as a means for labeling objects
46
expressive language style
use of language primarily as a means for engaging in social interactions
47
overextension
use of words in situations in which their meanings become extended or inappropriate
48
telegraphic speech
type of speech in which only the essential words are used
49
mean length of utterance
the average number of morphemes used in an utterance
50
morpheme
smallest unit of meaning in language
51
holophrase
a single word that is used to express complex meanings
52
syntax
the rules in a language for placing words in the proper order to form meaningful sentences
53
models
in learning theory, those whose behaviors are imitated by others
54
extinction
the decrease and eventual disappearance of a response in the absence of reinforcement
55
shaping
in learning theory, the gradual building of complex behavior patterns through reinforcement of successive approximations of the target behavior
56
psycholinguistic theory
the view that language learning involves an interaction between environmental influences and an inborn tendency to acquire language (emphasis on the inborn tendency)
57
language acquisition device
in psycholinguistic theory, neural "prewriting" that facilitates the child's learning of grammar
58
surface structure
the superficial grammatical construction of a sentence
59
deep structure
the underlying meaning of a sentence
60
sensitive period
in linguistic theory, the period from about 18 months to puberty when the brain is thought to be especially capable of learning language because of its plasticity
61
ASL
communication of meaning through the use of symbols that are formed by moving the hands and arms; the language used by some deaf people
62
aphasia
a disruption in the ability to understand or produce language
63
Broca's aphasia
a form of aphasia caused by damage to Broca's area and characterized by slow, laborious speech
64
Wernicke's aphasia
a from of aphasia caused by damage to Wernicke's area and characterized by impaired comprehension of speech and difficulty in attempting to produce the right word
65
emergentist theory of language development
the view that the child's complex abilities to understand and produce language merge from simpler processes that are biological, cognitive, and social in nature
66
attachment
an affectional bond between individuals characterized by seeking of closeness or contact and a show of distress upon separation
67
separation anxiety
fear of being separated from a target of attachment, usually a primary caregiver
68
secure attachment
a type of attachment characterized by showing mild distress at leave-takings, seeking nearness to an attachment figure, and being readily soothed by this figure
69
avoidant attachment
a type of insecure attachment characterized by apparent indifference to the leave-takings of, and reunions with, an attachment figure
70
ambivalent/resistant attachment
a type of insecure attachment characterized by severe distress at the leave-takings of, and ambivalent behavior at reunion with, and attachment figure
71
disorganized-disoriented attachment
a type of insecure attachment characterized by dazed and contradictory behaviors toward an attachment figure
72
indiscriminate attachment
the display of attachment behaviors toward any person
73
initial pre-attachment phase
the first phase in the formation of bonds of attachment, lasting from birth to about 3 months of age and characterized by indiscriminate attachment
74
attachment-in-the-making phase
the second phase in the development of attachment, occurring at 3 or 4 months of age and characterized by preference for familiar figures
75
clear-cut attachment phase
the third phase in the development of attachment, occurring at 6 or 7 months of age and characterized by intensified dependence on the primary caregiver
76
contact comfort
the pleasure derived from physical contact with another; a hypothesized need or drive for physical contact with another
77
social smile
a smile that occurs in response to a human voice or face
78
autism spectrum disorders
developmental disorders that are characterized by impaired communication skills, poor social interactions, and repetitive, stereotyped behavior
79
autism
and characterized by extreme aloneness, communication problems, intolerance of change, and ritualistic behavior
80
mutism
inability or refusal to speak
81
echolalia
the automatic repetition of sounds or words
82
emotion
a state of feeling that has physiological, situational, and cognitive components
83
differential emotions theory
Izard's view that the major emotions are distinct at birth but emerge gradually in accord with maturation and the child's developing needs
84
stranger anxiety
a fear of unfamiliar people that emerges between 6 and 9 months of age
85
social referencing
using another person's reaction to a situation to form one's own assessment of it
86
emotional regulation
techniques for controlling one's emotional states
87
personality
an individual's distinctive ways of responding to people and events
88
self-concept
one's impression of oneself; self-awareness
89
temperament
individual differences in styles of reaction that are present early in life
90
goodness of fit
agreement between the parents' expectations of, or demands on, the child and the child's temperamental characteristics

Child Psychology (5 decks)

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