UNIT 4 - AC 3.1 - 3.4

Question 1

Aims and objective of the police

Answer 1

-Keeping peace and maintain order.
-Protect life and property.
-Prevent, detect and investigate crime.bring offenders to justice.
-Powers given to police under - The Police and criminal evidence act 1984

Question 2

How are the police funded?

Answer 2

The central government, local council tax and their services for policing.

Question 3

Who summed up the philosophy of the police?

Answer 3

Robert peel - 1829

Question 4

What is specialist policing?

Answer 4

Departments with specialist duties - for example firearms branch (trained and equipped to participate in operations that require firearms) CID - Criminal investigations Department (deals with investigations into serious crimes)

Question 5

Aims and objectives of the CPS

Answer 5

-To advise the police on their investigations about evidence needed to build a case.
-Independently assess the evidence submitted by the police -keep reviewing it.
-Decide whether to prosecute + prepares the prosecution case
-Supports victims.

Question 6

How Is the CPS funded?

Answer 6

• the CPS is a government-funded body
  -CPS recovers criminal assets through its enforcement activities

Question 7

What are the aims and objectives of judiciary?

Answer 7

• To interpret and apply the law to cases presented in court
• Set judicial precedents

Question 8

What are the working practices of the Judiciary?

Answer 8

Judges deal with all types of offences, except for less serious cases.They are national and local in their reach:The supreme court has national jurisdiction.

Question 9

What are the aims of prison?

Answer 9

• to protect the public from harm
• to hold prisoners securely
• to help people who have been convicted to be rehabilitated

Question 10

How are prisons funded?

Answer 10

Government funds raised through taxation

Question 11

What are the working practices of prisons?

Answer 11

Prisons are organised 4 different categories
a: high security prison
b:local or training prisons
c:training or resettlement prisons
d:minimal security - allows prisoners to be away from the prison in order to carry out work

Question 12

Who is responsible for environmental design

Answer 12

Ray Jeffery

Question 13

What is the main objective of CPTED?

Answer 13

To reduce and remove the opportunity for crime to occur in an environment.

Question 14

What 5 principles are involved in CPTED?

Answer 14

1. defensible space - invented by Oscar Newman, he argues that some spaces are defensible
   definition: (areas where there are clear boundaries, obvious to who should be there)
2. Indefensible spaces: areas where crime is more likely to happen, called “confused areas” e.g stairwells
3. territoriality: where the environment encourages a sense of ownership - e.g certain layouts tell outsiders that this space is used by residents.
4. Natural surveillance: includes the placement of windows and open areas with clear lines of sight. e.g Grounds and parking areas provide clear lines of sight to prevent potential assaults by reducing hiding places.

Question 15

Link environmental design to right-realism

Answer 15

Because gated lanes and CCTV are types of targets hardening it is favoured by right-realists because they are said to make the costs of committing crimes higher and the rewards lower.

Question 16

Which case study could be used when talking about environmental crime control and CPTED?

Answer 16

Damilola Taylor:
Damilola Taylor was murdered in a stairwell of a condemned housing estate. The location presented: easy access, an escape route and hiding spaces. Furthermore, it had low visibility.

Question 17

By using CPTED what strengths can be associated?

Answer 17

1. Provides a sense of ownership - control of own property - Functionalist’s would argue that this could create positive reaffirmed boundaries.
2. Less crime in neighborhoods and business areas
3. Improved sense of security and quality of life through reduced fear of crime

Question 18

What are the three weaknesses of CPTED?

Answer 18

1. Marxists would argue that this demonises the working class by overly focusing on crimes of the working class.
2. CPTED principles suggest that criminality operates in hidden places, however, some criminality is visible. (e.g. graffiti)
3. CPTED could perhaps just displace crime to another area or location, rather than extinguishing it.

Question 19

Explain what is meant by Gated Lanes

Answer 19

Gated lanes are an additional example of a method of environmental design.
They’re gates which are installed and erected at the entrance to alleyways.
The aim of gated lanes is to deter burglars and other criminals, by preventing them from gaining unlawful access.

Question 20

What are 2 limitations of gated lanes?

Answer 20

-whilst they work for deterring outside criminals from entering, they don’t prevent crime from happening inside them.
- gated lanes can restrict access to the emergency services.

Question 21

What are 2 strengths of gated lanes?

Answer 21

-extra security that helps stop domestic burglary.
-restricted access that will stop anti social behaviour

Question 22

Token economies contribution to social control

Answer 22

Definition: A modification programme
used in some prisons

Aims: aims to reform offenders behaviours within prisons - desirable behaviours means a token.

Theory: Operant learning theory: theory believes that is desirable behaviour is rewarded then it is likely to be repeated.

Question 23

How do token economies achieve social control?

Answer 23

1. by the prison service drawing up a list of desirable behaviour e.g obeying rules
2. offering tokens to be able to gain access to longer phone calls, tv time and more yard time.
3. for a token to be earned and all the incentives with it - prisoners have to behave in a desirable way.

Question 24

A strength and 2 weaknesses of token economies

Answer 24

S 1. desirable behaviour is presented within prisons - safer environment for staff and other inmates.
W 2. outside of prisons desirable behaviours are not shown - it is only effective in prisons.
W 3. it only makes prisoners more manageable in prisons - not necessarily providing them with rehabilitation needed for release.

Question 25

Behavioural Tactics contributions to social control

Answer 25

A way in which agencies seek to change an individuals behaviour - making them conform to societies norms and values

Question 26

Anti-social behaviour order and Criminal behaviour order:

Answer 26

Anti-social behaviour order: AIM: tackle low-level anti-social behaviour e.g loud music at night and graffiti. Breaching conditions of an ASBO was criminal -up to 5 yrs in prison THEORY: Labelling theorists argued that this was the result of a self-fulfilling prophecy. Criminal behaviour order: AIM: deals with serious anti-social behaviours e.g harassment, alarm or distress to others. A CBO can require someone to do something positive to improve their behaviour.

Question 27

Limitations of repeat offenders and recidivism?

Answer 27

-If offenders fail to rehabilitate & continue to commit crime then social control will never be achieved. - Recidivism is one of the main reasons why the prison population has increased over the past 20 years. - Recidivism rates & recall stop prison have increased over recent years with nearly 50% of those convicted returning to prison within a year.

Question 28

A criminological theory in which links to repeat offenders/ recidivism?

Answer 28

Social learning theory -it explains offenders learning and copying from others in the prison system - prisoners can become 'better' criminals, learning skills from others to continue offending upon release.

Question 29

Limitations of Finance

Answer 29

Funding is limited and budget cuts have impacted the effectiveness of agencies in achieving social control. - a shortage of police officers on the streets, a lack of prison staff and specialist teams. - This impacts the experience of prisoners by having more time in cells and higher rates of suicide.

Question 30

Limitations of civil liberties and legal barriers

Answer 30

- Basic rights and freedoms granted to citizens of a country. - These include: freedom of speech, movement, religious worship etc. - limits social control as they restrict police from achieving social control i.e. foreign nationals with criminal convictions who cannot be removed from the UK due to prisons being in danger in their home country.

Question 31

Access to resources and support in prison limitations:

Answer 31

1. short sentences - not enough time to deal with the issues that brought them to prison. 2. 15% cut in prison officers - fewer officers to manage the rehabilitation of prisoners. Theory: Marxists: constructs the rules of society to prevent the working class from achieving in life, they have no other option but to commit crimes.

Question 32

Local and national polices limitations:

Answer 32

National: limits the ability of agencies to achieve social control. -When a new law makes a crime a priority, this means other offences are neglected. e.g The Home Secretary made it easier for police to stop and search anyone for an offensive weapon without having reasonable suspicion they were carrying one. Local: different police forces in the UK may have some priorities set locally in response to local needs.

Question 33

Moral imperatives limitations:

Answer 33

A sense of what is right- strong enough that it compels to act upon it even if it means breaking the law. Theory: functionalism: argues that without deviance, new social values wouldn't be created -no change would be possible and society wouldn't evolve. Example: Suffragettes Imprisoned but gained public support in time - moral imperative: To force Parliament to change the law and end the injustice of women being denied the vote.

Question 34

EFFECTIVENESS OF: THE POLICE and SOCIAL CONTROL

Answer 34

1. offences of public concern: police have made progress in prioritising some offences 2. domestic abuse: an increase of cases have been reported and recorded - 2017 2/3rds of domestic abuse practitioners felt an improvement in police approach. 3. recording crimes: Police are better at recording crimes - which means the number of crimes recorded will be increased.

Question 35

LIMITATIONS OF: THE POLICE and SOCIAL CONTROL

Answer 35

1. inefficiency: claims make out that the police are insufficient in investigating offences - Stephen Lawrence case - family had to wait 20 years for any form of justice 2. financial circumstances: cut backs within the police can affect the ability of police in achieving social control. 3. racial bias: the Macspherson reports findings indicate that the Metropolitan Police were institutionally racist

Question 36

EFFECTIVENESS OF: THE CPS and SOCIAL CONTROL

Answer 36

1. Prosecutions: 2018 80,000 cases were prosecuted. 2. Convictions: 84% of the defendants prosecuted were convicted.

Question 37

LIMITATIONS OF: THE CPS and SOCIAL CONTROL

Answer 37

1. Lack of effectiveness media reports: Newspapers have not always reported the CPS favourably. They are critical of their handling of rape cases. 2. Budget cuts of 25%: have led the CPS to lose 1/3 of it's staff .New technologies mean hours of extra work for staff eg smartphone data 3. Evidence disclosure: Problems with budget cuts and new technologies have been shown by the collapse of some cases due to failure to disclose digital evidence before the trials. E.g Rape trial of student Liam Allen collapsed.

Question 38

EFFECTIVENESS OF: THE JUDICIARY and SOCIAL CONTROL

Answer 38

1. Ensures social control is enforced fairly- lack of bias. 2. Ensures the 'best people' hold this role 3. effective sentencing and overlook during criminal trials.

Question 39

LIMITATIONS OF: THE JUDICIARY and SOCIAL CONTROL

Answer 39

1. Evidence of class bias: this is seen in the case of Lavinia Woodward 2. evidence of gender bias: a lack of empathy for female victims and leniency towards female offenders.Eg. Judge Pickles sentencing

Question 40

EFFECTIVENESS OF: THE PROBATION SERVICE and SOCIAL CONTROL

Answer 40

1. conservative support: conservative government forced privatisation - believed it was more efficient. 2. the NPS: been more effective than the CRC's in achieving social control.

Question 41

LIMITATIONS OF: THE PROBATION SERVICE and SOCIAL CONTROL

Answer 41

1. Bias: Conservative Government policy is biased in favour of privatisation as privatisation had a flawed system. 2. NPS: national shortage of probation officers, high workloads and professional standards are compromised.

Question 42

LIMITATIONS OF: CHARITIES AND PRESSURE GROUPS and SOCIAL CONTROL

Answer 42

1. Gaps in provision: they may be set up for victims but not not necessarily offenders meaning they do not contribute to rehabilitation. 2. Funding: the public may be more willing to help support charities and offer funds for victims rather than offenders.

Question 43

EFFECTIVENESS OF: CHARITIES AND PRESSURE GROUPS and SOCIAL CONTROL

Answer 43

1. Strong commitment: due to a high commitment charities are more likely to have a more reduced rate of re-offending- prepared to go the extra mile where the government agencies might not be prepared to do. 2. pressure group campaigning: presses government and criminal justice agencies to change their policies e.g women in prisons