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CRIMINOLOGY Hollie > Unit 4 - AC3.4 - Evaluate the effectiveness of agencies in achieving social control > Flashcards

Unit 4 - AC3.4 - Evaluate the effectiveness of agencies in achieving social control Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 6 agencies of social control

A

police, cps, judiciary, prisons, probation, charities and pressure groups

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2
Q

what are the social control responsibilities of the police

A

main agency for detection, investigation and prevention of crime / issue notices, cautions and reprimands / specialist departments for serious and complex cases

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3
Q

offences of public concern to the police

A

police have progressed in prioritising some offences of public concern / 2017 survey showed 2/3 of DA practitioners felt police approach improved / also showed staff shortages which cause less social control

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4
Q

what are the 2 police effectiveness and performance criticisms

A

current trends and racism / bias

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5
Q

why are current trends a police criticism

A

more crimes but fewer solved

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6
Q

by how much did crime rise march 2016 - june 2020

A

4.5 m - 5.8 m

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7
Q

how much have 5% of cases charged fallen 2015-2020

A

15% - 7%

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8
Q

what is the evidence to show police fail to investigate many reports

A

2013 - 2018 police dropped 2.9 times as many cases on day of report

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9
Q

what is the evidence to show major funding cuts in police forces

A

budget cut by 19%

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10
Q

why might police stats not show effectiveness of socialcontrol

A

crime increases may be due to better recording from police not from more crimes committed - police have made efforts to improve crime recording eg DA

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11
Q

why is racism and bias a police criticism

A

creates a negative relationship so hinders ability to achieve social responsibility

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12
Q

what did the Macpherson report in 1999 on Stephen lawrence death find

A

the met police is institutionally racist

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13
Q

what is the relationship between the police and minority groups

A

recruitment has increased but still underrepresented / stop and searches are unproportionate

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14
Q

what stats prove that the cps has been effective

A

around 80% of defendants that it prosecutes are convicted

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15
Q

what are the 3 criticisms of the cps efficiency

A

media reports, budget cuts and failure to build cases

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16
Q

why are media reports a criticism of the cps

A

theyre often not favourable - criticisms from the guradian in 2018 around handling rape cases

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17
Q

what did the guardian say in 2018 about the cps

A

rape prosecutors were advised to drop weak cases to improve conviction rate by 61% if dropped 350 - limiting access to justice for young, student and ill victims as juries are less likely to convict so cases get dropped

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18
Q

why are budget cuts a criticism of the cps

A

the cps lost 25% of its budget and 1/3 of its staff. cps cant sustain further cuts due to advanced tech for criminals - one case took 600 hours to analyse a phone - this put off cps doing thorough checks so fails to discover a lot of info

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19
Q

what case shows that budget cuts are a criticism of the cps

A

Liam Allen 2018 - case collapsed as evidence was disclosed after trial began - led to 30 other cases being reviewed or halted that were supposed to go to court

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20
Q

why are failures to build cases a criticism of the cps

A

it leads to case collapses

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21
Q

which case shows that failure to build cases is a criticism of the cps

A

10 year old damiola taylor’s murder - case was rested on an obviously lying witness and proper checks would have revealed this

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22
Q

what is the criticism about the cps and police relationship

A

too close and cps is too bureaucratic, insufficient and slow so people have to put their lives on hold for ages

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23
Q

on what is the effectiveness of the judiciary in achieving social control based on

A

ability to remain impartial

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24
Q

what are the three factors of the judiciary that can effect impartiality

A

biased judgements / out of touch? / too lenient?

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25
Q

how may judges be biased in their judgements

A

they usually come from narrow sections of society so may have biased judgements

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26
Q

what % of judges are male

A

68%

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27
Q

what % of judges are 50+

A

70%

28
Q

minority ethnic groups are under-represented, but what % of judges are in these groups

A

7%

29
Q

what % of judges were privately educated

A

74%

30
Q

what do these percentages about judges suggest about judges

A

they may be biased towards people of the same background as them and a lack of empathy towards others.

31
Q

why might age not actually make a difference in sentencing decisions

A

most offenders are young

32
Q

why might judges be out of touch

A

their age, education and class makes them atypical members of society

33
Q

what portrays judges as out of touch with mainstream modern society

A

media stereotypes, especially with public views on sentencing

34
Q

who was the researcher from australia that interviewed jurors about judges

A

Warner et al

35
Q

what were the findings of warner et al

A

most jurors didnt think that judges were out of touch with public opinion or sentencing

36
Q

what is the unduly lenient sentences scheme

A

allows for an application to the attorney / solicitor general for a sentence to be reviewed if they feel it was unduly lenient

37
Q

what sentences does the unduly lenient scheme apply to

A

serious offences like murder and rape

38
Q

what happen in the process of increasing a sentence

A

1 - minister agrees that the judge made a gross error 2 - minister asks court of appeal to review sentence 3 - increase if neccesary

39
Q

in 2018, how many cases of sentences were increased

A

99/140

40
Q

what is the overall opinion on if judges are too lenient

A

judges aren’t unduly lenient as sentences they pass are effective in achieving social control

41
Q

How do prisons aim to achieve social control

A

By punishing offenders and rehabilitating them

42
Q

What do critics argue about the prison system

A

It is in crisis and aren’t able to work effectively

43
Q

What are the 7 criticisms of prisons

A

Staffing cuts / overcrowding / not addressing rehab needs / a drugs epidemic / security / safety / riots and disorder

44
Q

Why are staffing cuts a prison criticism

A

2010-18 police officers fell 15%, and 1/3 of officers had less than 2 years experience

45
Q

Why is overcrowding a prison criticism

A

Population doubled from 93-2021, 2018 58% of prisons overcrowded, leads to discontent and rule breaking

46
Q

why is not addressing rehabilitation needs a prion criticism

A

leads to not adressing causes so root problems arent solved - recidivism, short sentences dont give enough time to adress complex needs

47
Q

why is a drugs epidemic a prison criticism

A

increased use of new psychoactive substances like spice- 100 x more potent than cannabis=agression, psychosis and depression, 2013-2018 117 drug deaths and no strategy to decrease use, reduces participation in rehab and creates debt amongst inmates so more violence

48
Q

why is security a prison criticism

A

low escape numbers but many security breaches like drugs, phones and other smuggled items

49
Q

why is safety a prison criticism

A

assults, self-harm and suicides have rised- since 2020 - 9800 assaults, 76 suicides 65000 self-harm (5 homicides)

50
Q

why are riots and disorder a prison criticism

A

breakdowns of order and control have risen eg, HMP Birmingham 2016 riots and many others

51
Q

what evidence is there around reoffending rates

A

36% of all offenders reoffend , 64% of those on short sentences reoffend, 37% of juvenile offenders reoffend

52
Q

what is the overall evidence for prison effectiveness

A

ineffective in achieving social control while imprisoned and rehabilitating them for post-prison life

53
Q

what are the two types of probation services that there have been

A

public sector (National probation service (nps)) ans private sector (community rehabilitation centres (crc))

54
Q

why was the nps privatised and when

A

2014 - 2020 - tories launched a ‘rehabilitation revolution’ to reduce rehabilitation - 21 crc’s were introduced to deal with low risk offenders

55
Q

what were the results of the 21 companies

A

19/21 failed to meet targets, had extra £342million pumped in

56
Q

what did the 2018 report of crc’s reveal about their housing results ans supervision

A

less housing needs met and only supervised by telephone, only 54% of cases were supervised // 70% were when nps

57
Q

what did the 2018 report of crc’s reveal about their protection of vulnerable people

A

inadequate protection for victims and their children when domestic abusers returned to communities

58
Q

what did the 2018 report of crc’s reveal about their staffing

A

cutting staff to save money so higher caseloads

59
Q

how do nps and prison reoffending rates compare

A

prison has double the amount of reoffending

60
Q

what are the nps criticisms

A

staff shortages / high workloads to less effective work / no national strategy to provide specialist services / shortage of specialist programmes

61
Q

why are charities and pressure groups effective

A

better at reducing recidivism as have strong passions and commitment to the group ans specialist knowledge - more motivated than crc’s and nps

62
Q

what is nacro

A

a pressure group for ending friday releases as they make up 1/3 and means people have less time to access essential services // provides accommodation for ex-offenders

63
Q
A
64
Q

how has WIP pressured agencies to change 2 policies

A

called gov to drop plans to build 5 new womens prisons but to invest that money in rehab and support centres // called courts to only use prisons as a last resort - 84% of womens prison sentences are for non-violent crimes

64
Q

what are the 3 criticisms of charities and pressure groups effectiveness

A

theyre voluntaty - only exist where there is a concern eg if no concern for abusers then missed opportunity for rehab // media reporting - if negative then harder for charities to build support and vice versa // funding - easier to get donations for some groups than others, gov will only donate if they agree

CRIMINOLOGY Hollie (19 decks)

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