Unit 4 AOS 1

Question 1

4 characteristics of a high income country (GNI & 3 others)

Answer 1

• over $12 376 GNI per capita
• high levels of education attainment
• high LE
• high living standard

Question 2

4 characteristics of a middle income country (GNI & 3 others)

Answer 2

• between $1026 - $12 375 GNI per capita
• improving living standards
• developing infrastructure
• imporving access to healthcare

Question 3

4 characteristics of a low income country (GNI & 3 others)

Answer 3

• below $1025 GNI per capita
• low access to adequate nutritious foods
• poor quality infrastructure
• poor living standards

Question 4

list the 3 types of characteristics to explain high, middle and low income countries

Answer 4

environmental, economic, social

Question 5

Give 3 examples of environmental characteristics

Answer 5

• quality of infrastructure
• access to clean water
• access to nutritious food

Question 6

Give 3 examples of economic characteristics

Answer 6

• income levels
• poverty
• trade opportunities

Question 7

Give 3 examples of social characteristics

Answer 7

• employment levels
• education levels
• healthcare system

Question 8

List the 5 factors influencing differing HS between high, middle and low income countries

Answer 8

Access to safe water, Access to sanitation, Poverty, Inequality & discrimination and Global marketing and distribution

Question 9

Define access to safe water

Answer 9

Refers to access to water that when consumed will not be detrimental to health and is free from any form of contaminants

Question 10

Define access to sanitation

Answer 10

Refers to interventions that reduce human exposure to disease through safely separating waste from human contact

Question 11

Define poverty

Answer 11

Refers to the lack of access to basic life necessities, such as food, safe water and sanitation, healthcare and shelter

Question 12

What GNI determines extreme poverty

Answer 12

living under USD 1.90 daily

Question 13

Define inequality

Answer 13

refers to unequal opportunities and rewards for different social positions or statuses within a group or society

Question 14

Define discrimination

Answer 14

Occurs when individuals or people groups are treated less favourably, experiencing less opportunities than others in a similar situation due to characteristics such as race, age, skin colour, SES, religion or gender

Question 15

Define global marketing and distribution

Answer 15

Refers to the advertising and selling of goods and services worldwide

Question 16

List the 3 main categories involved in global distribution and marketing

Answer 16

Tobacco, alcohol and processed foods

Question 17

List 2 major implications of global marketing and distribution

Answer 17

• Double BOD in low and middle income countries
• money spent on these = less income on life promoting resources such as adequate nutritious food

Question 18

Define sustainability

Answer 18

Refers to the ability to meet the needs of current generations without compromising the ability to meet the needs of future generations

Question 19

List the 3 dimensions of sustainability

Answer 19

Social, economic and environmental

Question 20

Define social sustainability

Answer 20

Refers to equitably meeting and promoting the needs of all people now and in the future

Question 21

Give 3 examples of social sustainability

Answer 21

• investing in education to increase skills and employment opportunities
• Subsidising housing so more ppl have access to adequate living facilities
• investing in healthcare to promote access such as through free or subsidised health programs

Question 22

Define economic sustainability

Answer 22

Refers to the efficient and responsible use of available resources to ensure that all financial obligations over time can be met

Question 23

Give 3 examples of economic sustainability

Answer 23

• Managing debt properly, ensuring future generations’ money can go towards life-promoting resources
• building industry, increasing employment opportunities
• Increased national income through trade opportunities -> invest into education -> more productive workforce due to higher skill level

Question 24

Define environmental sustainability

Answer 24

Refers to the making of decisions and implementing of practices that minimise the degradation of the planet, with the awareness of natural resources and the fragility of the physical environment

Question 25

give 3 examples of environmental sustainability

Answer 25

- responsible development of infrastructure to ensure that natural habitats are preserved for future generations - responsible use of non-renewable resources and energy, such as by switcing to renewable sources - reducing carbon emissions

Question 26

Define human development

Answer 26

The process of increasing opportunities and freedoms that ppl have to develop to their full potential and lead productive, creative lives in accord with their needs and interests

Question 27

list 3 characteristics of HD

Answer 27

- focuses on ppl, opportunities and choices rather than assuming that economic growth automatically improves HWB - about ppl who are empowered to make their own life cohices - about ppl who can live long and healthy lives

Question 28

Define the human development index (HDI)

Answer 28

A tool developed by the UN to measure social and economic growth of countries, ranking them on a scale from 0-1

Question 29

List the 3 dimensions of HDI

Answer 29

- decent standard of living - knowledge - long and healthy life

Question 30

List the 4 indicators of HDI

Answer 30

- LE at birth - GNI per capita - Mean years of schooling - Expected years of schooling

Question 31

List 3 strengths of HDI

Answer 31

- measures the quality of life, rather than assuming economic growth will automatically improve HWB - provides simple stats, making it easy to compare and rank countries - provides a more complex picture of HD

Question 32

List the 4 global trends that influence HWB

Answer 32

Climate change, conflict & mass migration, Increased world trade & tourism, Digital technology

Question 33

Define climate change

Answer 33

Involves rising sea levels, changing weather patterns, extreme heat conditions and extreme weather events

Question 34

Give 3 implications of climate change on HWB

Answer 34

- low agricultural productivity leading to low food security and related conditions like malnutrition - increased homelessness as ppl are displaced from their homes -> fear, insecurity, lack of belonging & identity - increased poverty due to lack of jobs -> low access to food, sanitation, healthcare

Question 35

Explain conflict & mass migration

Answer 35

Involves war, violence & crime that causes movements of large numbers of ppl from one geographical area to another

Question 36

Give 3 implications of conflict on HWB

Answer 36

- increased sexual violence & exploitation on women - premature death & injuries from violence - destroyed infrastructure & agricultural land -> poor access to food and healthcare

Question 37

Give 3 implications of mass migration

Answer 37

- injuries due to unsafe migration methods (e.g. squishing onto a boat) - stress & anxiety - poverty, starting anew in a new place -> increased sexual exploitation as women become prostitutes -> low literacy levels as children go to work rather than school

Question 38

Give 3 positives of world trade

Answer 38

- increased individual & national income -> improved living standard - increased employment opportunities due to marketing demands & reducing poverty - increases LE as ppl have more money to spend on life-promoting resources

Question 39

Give 3 negatives of world trade

Answer 39

- multinational companies exploiting populations in low/middle income countries to unfair and unsafe working conditions (factories) - often only high income countries benefit - low/middle income countries vulnerable to price fluctuations

Question 40

Give 3 positives of tourism

Answer 40

- increased employment opportunities to meet tourist demands (marketing goods, resorts, tourist attractions, theme parks) - increased individual & national income -> improving living standard - increased demand for traditional goods -> sharing culture = sense of identity (spiritual hwb)