Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology > Unit 4 AOS 2 > Flashcards

Unit 4 AOS 2 Flashcards

(90 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

True or false

Everyone has two copies of each gene

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

One form of a gene

A

Allele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The observable characteristics of an organism

A

Phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What makes up a phenotype?

A

Genotype + environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The section of DNA that codes for a protein (to give a trait)

A

Genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The combination of alleles for a gene

A

Genotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The entire set of an individuals genes

A

Genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

A pair of chromosomes that have genes in the same locations

A

Homologous chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Requires only one allele to show in the phenotype, represented by a capital letter

A

Dominant trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Requires two alleles to show in the phenotype, represented by a lower case letter

A

Recessive trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The information in a gene used to synthesize protein

A

Gene expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

A group of organisms of the same species living within the same geographical area at the same time

A

Population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Things that change the phenotype in a population

A

Polygenes
Sexual reproduction
Mutations
Biochemical
Physiological influences
Developmental stages
Behaviour
Monomorphic variation
Polymorphic variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Polygenes

A

Many genes contributing to a trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Many genes contributing to a trait

A

Polygenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Causes the recombination of alleles

A

Sexual reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

_________ produce new alleles

A

Mutations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Acidic soils (low pH) = blue flowers. Alkaline soils (high pH) = pink flowers

What is this an example of?

A

Biochemical influences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The arctic fox makes many physiological changes depending on the season

What is this an example of?

A

Physiological influences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

An adult python is green, whereas a juvenile python is yellow

What is this an example of?

A

Developmental stages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Genes of two chromosomes that switch during meiosis and decides the alleles of the offspring

A

Crossing over

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The annual migration of red crabs on Christmas Island changes the population

What is this an example of?

A

Behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When members of a population may show no variation of an observable trait

A

Monomorphic variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

When there are two or more variations for an observable trait

A

Polymorphic variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
The complete set of alleles carried by all the individuals in a population
Gene pool
26
The sum of all variation in a population (includes all the possible alleles present)
Gene pool
27
______ ___________ can represent the gene pool
Allele frequencies
28
All the genetic information (the base pairs) found in one complete set of an organism’s genetic material
Genome
29
How frequent an allele occurs in a population
Allele frequency
30
What causes allele frequencies to change
Mutations as a source of new alleles
31
Different types of mutations
Environmental selection pressures Gene flow (migration and inter-breeding Genetic drift (bottleneck & founder effect)
32
The permanent change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism, resulting in changes to proteins
Mutations
33
Mistakes in DNA replication can cause _________
Mutations
34
Two types of causes to mutations
Spontaneous Induced
35
What is spontaneous mutation
Naturally occurring and random
36
What is induced mutation
Exposure to mutagenic agents
37
What will happen if the repair of mutations cannot be made
Cells will undergo apoptosis
38
What will happen if there is a large exposure to a mutagen
The body will be unable to repair all the damage
39
What is a nucleotide
Basic building block of DNA/RNA composed of a sugar, a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group
40
Types of genetic mutations
Point mutations Block mutations Chromosome number mutations
41
A mutation that affects a single nucleotide in the sequence of a gene
A point mutation
42
Two different types of point mutations
Substitution mutations Frameshift mutations
43
A mutation that occur when a single nucleotide in either DNA or RNA is exchanged for another
Substitution mutation
44
Three different types of substitution mutations
Silent mutations Missense mutations Nonsense mutations
45
Mutations caused by the insertion or deletion of a single nucleotide which alters the entire sequence of amino acids from the point of mutation onwards
Frameshift mutations
46
A mutation that changes a segment of a chromosome leading to large scale changes to the DNA of an organism. May result in a number of genes may be moved around. Includes; inversion, deletion, duplication and translocation
Block mutations
47
What mutation occurs during crossing over
Block mutations
48
When does block mutation occur in meiosis
During crossing over
49
The four types of block mutations
Inversion Deletion Duplication Translocation
50
Inversion (block mutation)
Reversal of a section of DNA (causes a block of genes to be inverted)
51
Deletion (block mutation)
Removal of a section of DNA
52
Duplication (block mutation)
Replication of a section of DNA (lengthening of DNA)
53
Translocation (block mutation)
Switching of two sections of DNA on different chromosomes
54
Changes to the number of specific chromosomes (missing/extra)
Aneuploidy
55
Changes to the numbers of whole sets of chromosomes (e.g. common in plants, frogs, salamanders & leeches)
Polyploidy
56
Failure in anaphase I and/or II of meiosis Results in gametes with an incorrect number of chromosomes (aneuploidy)
Non-disjunction
57
Difference between aneuploidy and polyploidy
Aneuploidy refers to a numerical change in part of the chromosome set, whereas polyploidy refers to a numerical change in the whole set of chromosomes
58
Giant strawberries are an example of selective breeding for __________
Polyploidy
59
Can result in immediate speciation (new species)
Polyploidy
60
“Survival of the fittest!”
Natural selection
61
What is 'fitness' in biology
A measure of reproductive success
62
Individuals which are more adapted to a particular environment and so are able to survive, reproduce and make a greater contribution to the gene pool of the next generation, they are ____________ ______
biologically fitter
63
The process of natural selection
Variation in the population The individuals whose phenotype is not suited to the environment die (selected against) Those individuals most suited to their environment survive (selected for) The survivors have offspring Offspring look like parents Allelic frequency changes
64
Four conditions of natural selection
Variation Selection pressure Selection advantage Heritability
65
Variation
Individuals in a population that vary genetically, which leads to phenotypic differences
66
Individuals in a population that vary genetically, which leads to phenotypic differences
Variation
67
Selection pressure
Environmental factors that impact the survivability of an organism within a population and their ability to reproduce
68
Environmental factors that impact the survivability of an organism within a population and their ability to reproduce
Selection pressure
69
Selection advantage
Individuals with phenotypes that are fitter or more advantageous under the environmental selection pressure
70
Individuals with phenotypes that are fitter or more advantageous under the environmental selection pressure
Selection advantage
71
Heritability
A heritable advantageous trait, allowing it to be passed on from the parents to the offspring and therefore increase frequency of the advantageous allele
72
A heritable advantageous trait, allowing it to be passed on from the parents to the offspring and therefore increase frequency of the advantageous allele
Heritability
73
Characteristics of primates
Sexually dimorphic Live in social groups Large forward-facing eyes Large brain = intelligence Opposable thumbs Flat fingernails Sensitive fingertips
74
What is sexual dimorphism
A difference in features between males and females
75
Homonoid
Human-like
76
True or false Apes have tails
False
77
What comprises in the Strepsirrhini suborder
Lemurs Lorises
78
What comprises in the Haplorrhini suborder
Tarsiers New world monkeys Old world monkeys Gibbons Orangutans Gorillas Chimpanzees Humans
79
What comprises in the monkey superfamily
New world monkeys Old world monkeys
80
What comprises in the Hominoidea (apes) superfamily
Gibbons Orangutans Gorillas Chimpanzees Humans
81
What comprises in the Hominidae ( great apes) family
Orangutans Gorillas Chimpanzees Humans
82
True or false Gibbons are in the Hylobatidae subfamily
True
83
What comprises in the Hominini tribe
Humans and our extinct upright walking human ancestors (e.g. australopithecus, paranthropus, kenyanthropus, sahelanthroupus and anything else in the genus homo)
84
True or false In Australia, a chimp is a hominid, NOT a hominin
True
85
What are hominoids
Apes but not monkeys, tarsiers or lemurs
86
What are hominids
Great apes but not other apes such as gibbons
87
What is selective breeding/artificial selection
Mating individuals with traits that are desirable to cause a change in the allele frequencies of the population and steer evolution Similar to natural selection, although the selecting agent is a person and is instead artificial as opposed to natural
88
Causes of natural selection
Predator Disease Shortage of food
89
Define artifical
Made or produced by human cleverness or ingenuity rather than naturally occurring
90

Biology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions