Unit 4, Body Composition and Diabetes

Question 1

Metabolic syndrome

Answer 1

characterized by the coexistence of visceral fat, impaired
fasting glucose or overt diabetes mellitus, reduced HDL cholesterol and increased blood pressure and triglycerides

Question 2

Diagnosis for Metabolic Syndrome

Answer 2

central obesity, raised TG levels, reduced HDL cholesterol, raised blood pressure, and raised fasting plasma glucose

Question 3

Central obesity (MetS)

Answer 3

≥ 94 for men
≥ 80 for women

Question 4

Raised TG level

Answer 4

≥ 150mg/dL (1.7mmol/L) or specific treatment for this lipid abnormality

Question 5

Reduced HDL cholesterol

Answer 5

< 40mg/dL in males (1.1mmol/L), < 50 mg/dL for women (1.3 mmol/L)

Question 6

Raised blood pressure

Answer 6

SBP ≥ 130 or DBP ≥ 85; or treatment for previously diagnosed hypertension

Question 7

Raised fasting plasma glucose

Answer 7

≥ 100 mg/dL (5.6mmol/L) or previously diagnosed type 2 diabetes

Question 8

Treatment for MetS

Answer 8

weight loss to achieve desirable weight (BMI less than 25 kg/m2), increased physical activity (at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity activity most days of week) and healthy eating habits including reduced intake of saturated fat, trans fat and cholesterol

Question 9

Overweight

Answer 9

total body weight above a recommended range for good health

Question 10

Obese

Answer 10

severely overweight and over-fat: characterized by excessive accumulation of fat

Question 11

Body mass index (BMI), elevated BMI & waist circumference

Answer 11

a rough assessment based on the concept that a person’s weight should be proportional to height
- BMI = body weight (kg)/height (m)2
- elevated BMI = increased risk of disease (especially if central obesity, large waist circumference)
- waist cirumference = above belly button, below rib cage

Question 12

Body composition

Answer 12

the body’s relative amount of mass and fat-free mass (bone, water, muscles, connective tissues, organs and teeth)

Question 13

Essential fat

Answer 13

crucial for normal functioning
- for men = 3-5% of total weight
- for women = 8-12% of total weight

Question 14

Non-essential fat

Answer 14

adipose tissue (fat tissue or fatty tissue that is a connective tissue that is mainly composed of fat cells called adipocytes)

Question 15

Caliper/skin fold measurements

Answer 15

thickness of skinfolds are measured and summed or put into different equation to calculate % body fat (3,5,7 sites etc.)

Question 16

Underwater weighing

Answer 16

percentages of fat and fat-free weight are calculated from body density (old golden standard)

Question 17

The Bod Pod

Answer 17

the amount of air displaced by a person in a small chamber is measured by computerized sensors

Question 18

Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)

Answer 18

small electrical current sent through the body, and the resistance of the body to the current is recorded. the resulting numbers can be used to determine body composition

Question 19

The Navy circumference method

Answer 19

(approximation) weight, age, height and tape measurements

Question 20

The DEXA (Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorpitometry)

Answer 20

new golden standard: body scan (bone density scans)

Question 21

Assessing body fat distribution (waist measurement & waist-to-hip ratio)

Answer 21

viscera - most dangerous place to have fat
diseases risk increases with total body waist measurement of more than
> 102 cm for men (40”)
> 88 cm for women (35”)
total waist-to-hip ratios above
>1 for young men
+ 0.85 for young women

Question 22

Body composition and Diabetes

Answer 22

obese people are 4x more likely as non-obese people to develop diabetes: obesity accounts for 85% of risk of developing T2D
- excess body fat (particularly in the abdominal area) is a key risk factor for the most common type of diabetes (central or abdominal obesity)

Question 23

Glucose allostasis

Answer 23

less insulin is produced by B cells in pancreas

Question 24

Diabetes mellitus

Answer 24

disruption of normal glucose in metabolism

Question 25

Type 1 diabetes

Answer 25

the pancreas produces little to no insulin (autoimmune disease) - genetic or viral, more common in men than women

Question 26

Type 2 diabetes

Answer 26

the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, cells are resistant to insulin or both

Question 27

Gestational diabetes

Answer 27

develops in 2-5% pregnant women (during pregnancy, thought of as autoimmune disease, comes with high blood pressure, strain systems, unable to move)
- go away after pregnancy is completed typically

Question 28

Pre-diabetes

Answer 28

elevated blood glucose levels

Question 29

Intake of saturated fat (high in meat) -> diabetes

Answer 29

risk of diabetes increases with intake of saturated fat: affect cell membrane fatty acid composition and intramyocellular lipids forms in muscle cells

Question 30

Hyperglycemia

Answer 30

fat ‘blocks’ the insulin-signaling proces, closes the ‘glucose-gate’

Question 31

How is one tested for diabetes?

Answer 31

fasting glucose test, oral glucose test, and random glucose test

Question 32

Fasting glucose test (acute response)

Answer 32

<110mg/dL for normal
no food for 8 hours

Question 33

Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)

Answer 33

<7.8mmol/L (140mg/dL) after 2 hrs for normal, 11.1 mmol/L (200mg/dL) for high

Question 34

Glycated HbA1c

Answer 34

hemoglobin (which carries oxygen) and
glucose — is a standard indicator of blood sugar content in
the body. Normal 4 - 5.6%, between 5.7 - 6.4% indicate
increased risk of diabetes, and levels of 6.5 higher indicate
diabetes.

Question 35

Normal (process inside body)

Answer 35

insulin binds to receptors on the surface of a cell and signals special transporters in the cell to transport glucose inside

Question 36

Type 1 diabetes (process inside body)

Answer 36

the pancreas produces little to no insulin. thus, no signal is sent instructing the cell to transport glucose, and glucose builds up in the bloodstream

Question 37

Type 2 diabetes (process inside body)

Answer 37

the pancreas produces too little insulin and/or the body’s cells are resistant to it. Some insulin binds to receptors on the cell’s surfaces, but the signal to transport glucose is blocked. Glucose builds up in the bloodstream

Question 38

Diabetes symptoms

Answer 38

frequent urination, extreme thirst or hunger, unexplained weight loss, extreme fatigue, blurred vision etc.

Question 39

Insulin and T1D

Answer 39

insulin starts to lower blood glucose within 30 minutes after injection. it has its strongest effect 2.5 hrs after injection (8hrs)
- make take insulin 30 minutes before you eat

Question 40

I and T

Answer 40

If you exercise early in the day before any meals = deal with elevations in your blood glucose that result from the activity
(adrenaline increases action of insulin).
- If you exercise later in the day = have to eat more or take less insulin to prevent later- onset hypoglycemia.

Question 41

FITT for diabetics: resistance training

Answer 41

F: min 2x/week (optimal 3-4 when trained)
I: light to moderate (60%-75%)
T: 6–10 exercises, 10–15 repetitions, 2-3 sets with adequate rest (progressing to 8-10 reps with more load)
T: major muscle groups, lower body and core for balance