Unit 4: Chapter 16 Flashcards
Nomadic Pastoralists
horses, sheep, goats, cattle, camels
adapt to arid land
not enough rain for lots of agriculture; instead, grasses and shrubs
flocks’ needs made them move a lot
had migratory cycles according to seasons
lived off of meat, milk, and hides of animals
bones for tools, dung for fire
wool for clothes and tents=>YURTS- they live in
alcoholic drink from mare’s milk=>KUMISS
climate and nomadic life limit development of society; only at oases agriculture can keep more population
sometimes grew things when near river, but not enough to keep society
little bit of pottery, leather stuff, iron weapons tools
Turkish Peoples
organized themselves into clans and tribes that fought a lot
after Xiongnu confederation broke up (1 and 2 century)
nomads or descend from nomads
expand til dominate Asian Steppes, Persia, Anatolia, India
Yurts
large tents made of wool from sheep
kumiss
alcoholic drink by fermenting mare’s milk to potent concoction
Nomadic and Settled Peoples
nomads want to trade with settled people a lot
early as the classical era
usually small scale for immediate things, but some others were long-distance
postclassical era and later, Turkish people were good at the caravan routes of Central Asia
Nomadic Society
nobles and commoners nobles can organize clans and tribes into alliances not much governing (clans and tribes like independence and don't like interference) times of war, had absolute authority over forces and kill those who don't obey nobility was a fluid class leaders had statues to pass to heir, but they can lose it if not a good leader nobles can become commoners after some generations and herd their own animals, but commoners can do something cool in war or display courage and become noble. if they're good diplomats, can become leaders and make their own alliances
Gender Relations
males dominated pastoral societies (nomad)
women more freedom (nomad) than settled women
men usually hunting or at war, so women responsible for animals
nomad women good on horses and bow and arrow; sometimes in wars
women crucial economic roles; considerable influence (nomad); sometimes regents or rulers
nomadic Religion
earliest religion revolved round SHAMANS
Turkish people not interested in settled people’s religions
500s CE Turks=>Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, or Manichaeism
also make written script (maybe cuz of religion or trade)
shamans
religious specialists
possessed supernatural powers
communicated with the gods and nature spirits
invoked divine aid on behalf of their communities
informed their companions of their gods’ will
Turkish Conversion to Islam
.
peninsulares
colonists born in Europe
initially held most powerful positions in colonial society
criollos (creoles
colonists born in Americas of European parents. usually well educated, finance secure
later become colony leaders and organizers of independence movements
mestizos (mulattos)
people of mixed european and african ancestry
lowest political and social position in Spanish American society
women
spanish american societies
patriarchal society
devoted to house and child work
lower class farmed or manage small business
could control dowry and inherit property
portugal’s empire
1st colony based on plantation economy founded by pedro cabral 1500 settled 1532 by Portuguese nobles sugar plantations (use indians) indians died, so african slaves came labor in brazilian gold mines (using indians and brazilians) Roman Catholicism in jesuit missionaries portuguese empire colonies and trade posts (going out) in africa and asia)
