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CTGN 2nd Shift > Unit 4: Chromosome Discovery and Chromosome Structure > Flashcards

Unit 4: Chromosome Discovery and Chromosome Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Carried traits from one generation to the next

A

Mendelian “factors”

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2
Q

Recognized and explored the fibrous network within the nucleus-termed as chromatin or “stainable material”

A

Walther Flemming

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3
Q

Observed cells in various stages of division and recognized that chromosomal movement during mitosis offered a mechanism for the precise distribution of nuclear material during cell division

A

Walther Flemming

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4
Q

Provided the first evidence that germ cell chromosomes imparted continuity between generations

A

Theodor Boveri

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5
Q

His work on Ascaris embryos provided one of the first descriptions of meiosis

A

Theodor Boveri

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6
Q

He is one of the pioneers of embryology

A

Theodor Boveri

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7
Q

Confirmed and expanded upon Boveri’s observation

A

Walter Sutton

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8
Q

Described the configurations of individual chromosomes stages of meiosis

A

Walter Sutton

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9
Q

Walter Sutton described the configurations of individual chromosomes stages of meiosis through ___

A

testes of Brachystola magna

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10
Q

Their experiments provided the physical basis of the Mendelian law of heredity - developed the “Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance”

A

Theodor Boveri
Walter Sutton

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11
Q

Experimentally demonstrated chromosomal theory of inheritance using Drosophilia melanogaster

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan, 1910

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12
Q

The experiment on Drosophilia melanogaster is also called ___

A

“Fly Room” experiments

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13
Q

Helped establish the chromosomal basis of heredity and sex

A

Calvin Bridges, 1916

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14
Q

Chromosomes are made of ___ and a single molecule of ___

A

Protein
DNA

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15
Q

Factors that distinguish one species from another

A

Chromosome

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16
Q

Enable transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next

A

Chromosome

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17
Q

Ensure daughter cell retains its own complete genetic complement

A

In mitosis

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18
Q

Enable each mature ovum and sperm to contain a unique single set of parental genes

A

In meiosis

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19
Q

Human chromosome has ___ autosomes and ___ sex chromosomes

A

44
2

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20
Q

Other DNA materials found in mitochondria

A

Extra-chromosomal DNA

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21
Q

Replicated condensed chromosome with sister chromatids

A

Metaphase chromosome

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22
Q

Two identical strands which are the result of DNA replication

A

Chromatids

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23
Q

Central region of chromosomes

A

Centromere

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24
Q

Primary constriction where sister chromatids are linked

A

Centromere

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25
Q

Consists of several hundred kilobases of repetitive DNA

A

Centromere

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26
Q

Responsible for chromosome movement at cell division

A

Centromere

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27
Q

Divides the chromosome into short arm and long arm

A

Centromere

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28
Q

Designated as p (petite)

A

Short arm

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29
Q

Designated as q (queues) or “g” = grande

A

Long arm

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30
Q

Chromosome type (no. of centromere):

Single centromere

A

Monocentric

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31
Q

Chromosome type (no. of centromere):

Reliably transmitted from parental to daughter cells

A

Monocentric

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32
Q

Chromosome type (no. of centromere):

Lacks centromere

A

Acentric

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33
Q

Chromosome type (no. of centromere):

Genetically unstable because they cannot be maneuvered properly during cell division and are usually lost

A

Acentric

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34
Q

Chromosome type (no. of centromere):

Two centromeres

A

Dicentric

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35
Q

Chromosome type (no. of centromere):

Also genetically unstable because it is not transmitted in a predictable fashion

A

Dicentric

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36
Q

Type of chromosome (centromere position)

Middle; yielding arms of roughly equal length

A

Metacentric

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37
Q

Type of chromosome (centromere position)

Centromere is centrally located

A

Metacentric

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38
Q

Type of chromosome (centromere position)

5 pairs in humans

A

Metacentric and Acrocentric

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39
Q

Type of chromosome (centromere position)

Off-center centromere; “q” and is longer

A

Submetacentric

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40
Q

Type of chromosome (centromere position)

Unequal length of chromosome arms

A

Submetacentric

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41
Q

Type of chromosome (centromere position)

13 pairs

A

Submetacentric

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42
Q

“___” means peak

A

Acro

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43
Q

Type of chromosome (centromere position)

Very close to one end; yielding a small short arm

A

Acrocentric

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44
Q

Type of chromosome (centromere position)

Often associated with small pieces of DNA called satellites, encoding rRNA

A

Acrocentric

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45
Q

DNA are called ___, encoding ___

A

satellites
rRNA

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46
Q

Type of chromosome (centromere position)

Centromere at the terminal end

A

Telocentric

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47
Q

Type of chromosome (centromere position)

Not found in humans

A

Telocentric

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48
Q

Discovered chromosomes type based on arms ratio

A

Levan et al., 1964

49
Q

Determine the ratio of p and q arms of each chromosome type

A

Levan et al., 1964

50
Q

Symbol for Metacentric

A

M/m

51
Q

Symbol for Submetacentric

A

Sm

52
Q

Symbol for Subtelocentric

A

St

53
Q

Symbol for Acrocentric

A

T

54
Q

Symbol for Telocentric

A

T

55
Q

Arms length ratio of Metacentric

A

1.0-1.6/1.7

56
Q

Arms length ratio of Submetacentric

A

3.0

57
Q

Arms length ratio of Subtelocentric

A

3.1-6.9

58
Q

Arms length ratio of Acrocentric

A

7.0

59
Q

Arms length ratio of Telocentric

A

None

60
Q

Father of genetics

A

Gregor Mendel

61
Q

There is no separation of chromosome until ___

A

1882

62
Q

Chromatin are ___ material

A

Stainable

63
Q

T/F: meiosis is present in both nuclear and cellular level

A

T

64
Q

Cornerstone of mitotic and meiotic analysis

A

Model animals

65
Q

Brachystola magna is a ___

A

Grasshopper

66
Q

“anchoring” proteins that become the base

A

Helper proteins

67
Q

The only normal type of chromosome

A

Monocentric

68
Q

Protein located at the centromere region

A

Kinetochore

69
Q

Microtubule organizing center

A

Kinetochore

70
Q

Facilitates spindle formation

A

Kinetochore

71
Q

T/F: all types of chromosome for typing are monocentric

A

T

72
Q

Type of chromosome (centromere position)

Found in plants

A

Telocentric

73
Q

Tip of each chromosome

A

Telomere

74
Q

Telomere repeats in hexameric sequence of ___

A

TTAGGG

75
Q

Telomeres can be compared to the ___

A

Aglets of shoelace

76
Q

Functions of telomere in preserving chromosome stability

A

Preventing abnormal end-to-end fusion of chromosome
Protecting the ends of chromosomes from degradation
Ensuring complete DNA replication
Having a role in chromosome pairing during meiosis

77
Q

Elucidated factors explained by Mendelian Law

A

Walther Flemming

78
Q

Part of the cell where the genetic material is found

A

Nucleus

79
Q

Calvin Bridges contributed to the chromosomal basis of heredity and sex through ___

A

Nondisjunction

80
Q

Nondisjunction happens during ___

A

Anaphase

81
Q

Chromosome ___ looks like merged chromosome from chimpanzee and gorilla

A

Chromosome 2

82
Q

Smallest chromosome

A

Y chromosome

83
Q

Biggest chromosome

A

Chromosome 1

84
Q

Chromosomes are arranged through ___

A

Size

85
Q

Extra-chromosomal DNA are passed in a ___ manner

A

Matrilineal

86
Q

Telomeres are a specific feature of ___

A

Eukaryotes

87
Q

Important in the maintenance in information coded in the DNA at the end region

A

Telomeres

88
Q

Histones are made up of ___ amino acids

A

Basic

89
Q

Histones have ___ charge

A

(+)

90
Q

“beads on a string”

A

Nucleosomes

91
Q

Nucleosomes are made up of ___ subunits of ___ proteins

A

8
globular

92
Q

Formation of a 3D zigzag structure is via ___ and other DNA-binding proteins

A

Histone 1

93
Q

The linker DNA

A

Histone 1

94
Q

Where microtubules attach

A

Kinetochore

95
Q

“telo” means ___

A

end

96
Q

a banding technique that cytogeneticists employ in order to produce a banding pattern in individual chromosome

A

Giemsa banding / G banding

97
Q

determine the characteristic pattern of light and dark bands on a chromosome under a microscope

A

Banding techniques

98
Q

a compound of methylene blue-eosin and methylene blue

A

Giemsa stain

99
Q

Regions in the chromosome that stain rather lightly with G-banding tend to be ___ (less/more) transcriptionally active, euchromatic, and rich with ___ and ___

A

More
Guanine
Cytosine

100
Q

the chromosomal regions that stain darkly tend to be ___ (more/less) transcriptionally active, heterochromatic, and rich with ___ and ___

A

Less
Adenine
Thymine

101
Q

This technique produces a banding pattern in the heterochromatin of the centromeric regions.

A

C-banding

102
Q

a family of tandemly repeated nontranscribed sequences

A

alphoid DNA

103
Q

Centromeric regions of primate chromosomes are dominated by ___

A

Alphoid DNA

104
Q

T/F: Satellite DNA belongs to the coding region of genome

A

F (noncoding)

105
Q

Tandem repeats in satellite DNA occurs when a pattern of ___ or more nucleotides are repeated and repetitions are ___ to one another

A

2
Adjacent

106
Q

Alpha Satellite

Repeating unit

A

171
Centromeric region

107
Q

Beta satellite

Repeating unit

A

68
Pericentric region

108
Q

Microsatellite

Repeating unit

A

2-10
Dispersed all over the chromosome

109
Q

Minisatellite

Repeating unit

A

10-100
Telomere region

110
Q

5 pairs metacentric chromosomes

A

1, 3, 16, 19, 20

111
Q

Shape of spindle fibers:
Metacentric

A

V-shaped

112
Q

Shape of spindle fibers:
Submetacentric

A

J-shaped

113
Q

Shape of spindle fibers:
Acrocentric

A

I-shaped

114
Q

Submetacentric chromosomes

A

2, 4-12, 17, 18, X

115
Q

Acrocentric chromosomes

A

13-15, 21, 22, Y

116
Q

T/F: Telomerase “replenishes” the telomere “cap” and requires ATP

A

F (no ATP required)

117
Q

Telomerase can be reactivated and telomeres reset back to an embryonic state by ___.

A

somatic cell nuclear transfer

118
Q

The phenomenon of limited cellular division was first observed by ___, and is now referred to as the ___

A

Leonard Hayflick
Hayflick limit

CTGN 2nd Shift (5 decks)

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