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CTGN 2nd Shift > Unit 4: Chromosome Discovery and Chromosome Structure > Flashcards

Unit 4: Chromosome Discovery and Chromosome Structure Flashcards

(118 cards)

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1
Q

Carried traits from one generation to the next

A

Mendelian “factors”

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2
Q

Recognized and explored the fibrous network within the nucleus-termed as chromatin or “stainable material”

A

Walther Flemming

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3
Q

Observed cells in various stages of division and recognized that chromosomal movement during mitosis offered a mechanism for the precise distribution of nuclear material during cell division

A

Walther Flemming

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4
Q

Provided the first evidence that germ cell chromosomes imparted continuity between generations

A

Theodor Boveri

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5
Q

His work on Ascaris embryos provided one of the first descriptions of meiosis

A

Theodor Boveri

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6
Q

He is one of the pioneers of embryology

A

Theodor Boveri

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7
Q

Confirmed and expanded upon Boveri’s observation

A

Walter Sutton

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8
Q

Described the configurations of individual chromosomes stages of meiosis

A

Walter Sutton

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9
Q

Walter Sutton described the configurations of individual chromosomes stages of meiosis through ___

A

testes of Brachystola magna

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10
Q

Their experiments provided the physical basis of the Mendelian law of heredity - developed the “Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance”

A

Theodor Boveri
Walter Sutton

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11
Q

Experimentally demonstrated chromosomal theory of inheritance using Drosophilia melanogaster

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan, 1910

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12
Q

The experiment on Drosophilia melanogaster is also called ___

A

“Fly Room” experiments

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13
Q

Helped establish the chromosomal basis of heredity and sex

A

Calvin Bridges, 1916

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14
Q

Chromosomes are made of ___ and a single molecule of ___

A

Protein
DNA

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15
Q

Factors that distinguish one species from another

A

Chromosome

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16
Q

Enable transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next

A

Chromosome

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17
Q

Ensure daughter cell retains its own complete genetic complement

A

In mitosis

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18
Q

Enable each mature ovum and sperm to contain a unique single set of parental genes

A

In meiosis

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19
Q

Human chromosome has ___ autosomes and ___ sex chromosomes

A

44
2

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20
Q

Other DNA materials found in mitochondria

A

Extra-chromosomal DNA

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21
Q

Replicated condensed chromosome with sister chromatids

A

Metaphase chromosome

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22
Q

Two identical strands which are the result of DNA replication

A

Chromatids

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23
Q

Central region of chromosomes

A

Centromere

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24
Q

Primary constriction where sister chromatids are linked

A

Centromere

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25
Consists of several hundred kilobases of repetitive DNA
Centromere
26
Responsible for chromosome movement at cell division
Centromere
27
Divides the chromosome into short arm and long arm
Centromere
28
Designated as p (petite)
Short arm
29
Designated as q (queues) or "g" = grande
Long arm
30
Chromosome type (no. of centromere): Single centromere
Monocentric
31
Chromosome type (no. of centromere): Reliably transmitted from parental to daughter cells
Monocentric
32
Chromosome type (no. of centromere): Lacks centromere
Acentric
33
Chromosome type (no. of centromere): Genetically unstable because they cannot be maneuvered properly during cell division and are usually lost
Acentric
34
Chromosome type (no. of centromere): Two centromeres
Dicentric
35
Chromosome type (no. of centromere): Also genetically unstable because it is not transmitted in a predictable fashion
Dicentric
36
Type of chromosome (centromere position) Middle; yielding arms of roughly equal length
Metacentric
37
Type of chromosome (centromere position) Centromere is centrally located
Metacentric
38
Type of chromosome (centromere position) 5 pairs in humans
Metacentric and Acrocentric
39
Type of chromosome (centromere position) Off-center centromere; "q" and is longer
Submetacentric
40
Type of chromosome (centromere position) Unequal length of chromosome arms
Submetacentric
41
Type of chromosome (centromere position) 13 pairs
Submetacentric
42
"___" means peak
Acro
43
Type of chromosome (centromere position) Very close to one end; yielding a small short arm
Acrocentric
44
Type of chromosome (centromere position) Often associated with small pieces of DNA called satellites, encoding rRNA
Acrocentric
45
DNA are called ___, encoding ___
satellites rRNA
46
Type of chromosome (centromere position) Centromere at the terminal end
Telocentric
47
Type of chromosome (centromere position) Not found in humans
Telocentric
48
Discovered chromosomes type based on arms ratio
Levan et al., 1964
49
Determine the ratio of p and q arms of each chromosome type
Levan et al., 1964
50
Symbol for Metacentric
M/m
51
Symbol for Submetacentric
Sm
52
Symbol for Subtelocentric
St
53
Symbol for Acrocentric
T
54
Symbol for Telocentric
T
55
Arms length ratio of Metacentric
1.0-1.6/1.7
56
Arms length ratio of Submetacentric
3.0
57
Arms length ratio of Subtelocentric
3.1-6.9
58
Arms length ratio of Acrocentric
7.0
59
Arms length ratio of Telocentric
None
60
Father of genetics
Gregor Mendel
61
There is no separation of chromosome until ___
1882
62
Chromatin are ___ material
Stainable
63
T/F: meiosis is present in both nuclear and cellular level
T
64
Cornerstone of mitotic and meiotic analysis
Model animals
65
Brachystola magna is a ___
Grasshopper
66
"anchoring" proteins that become the base
Helper proteins
67
The only normal type of chromosome
Monocentric
68
Protein located at the centromere region
Kinetochore
69
Microtubule organizing center
Kinetochore
70
Facilitates spindle formation
Kinetochore
71
T/F: all types of chromosome for typing are monocentric
T
72
Type of chromosome (centromere position) Found in plants
Telocentric
73
Tip of each chromosome
Telomere
74
Telomere repeats in hexameric sequence of ___
TTAGGG
75
Telomeres can be compared to the ___
Aglets of shoelace
76
Functions of telomere in preserving chromosome stability
Preventing abnormal end-to-end fusion of chromosome Protecting the ends of chromosomes from degradation Ensuring complete DNA replication Having a role in chromosome pairing during meiosis
77
Elucidated factors explained by Mendelian Law
Walther Flemming
78
Part of the cell where the genetic material is found
Nucleus
79
Calvin Bridges contributed to the chromosomal basis of heredity and sex through ___
Nondisjunction
80
Nondisjunction happens during ___
Anaphase
81
Chromosome ___ looks like merged chromosome from chimpanzee and gorilla
Chromosome 2
82
Smallest chromosome
Y chromosome
83
Biggest chromosome
Chromosome 1
84
Chromosomes are arranged through ___
Size
85
Extra-chromosomal DNA are passed in a ___ manner
Matrilineal
86
Telomeres are a specific feature of ___
Eukaryotes
87
Important in the maintenance in information coded in the DNA at the end region
Telomeres
88
Histones are made up of ___ amino acids
Basic
89
Histones have ___ charge
(+)
90
"beads on a string"
Nucleosomes
91
Nucleosomes are made up of ___ subunits of ___ proteins
8 globular
92
Formation of a 3D zigzag structure is via ___ and other DNA-binding proteins
Histone 1
93
The linker DNA
Histone 1
94
Where microtubules attach
Kinetochore
95
"telo" means ___
end
96
a banding technique that cytogeneticists employ in order to produce a banding pattern in individual chromosome
Giemsa banding / G banding
97
determine the characteristic pattern of light and dark bands on a chromosome under a microscope
Banding techniques
98
a compound of methylene blue-eosin and methylene blue
Giemsa stain
99
Regions in the chromosome that stain rather lightly with G-banding tend to be ___ (less/more) transcriptionally active, euchromatic, and rich with ___ and ___
More Guanine Cytosine
100
the chromosomal regions that stain darkly tend to be ___ (more/less) transcriptionally active, heterochromatic, and rich with ___ and ___
Less Adenine Thymine
101
This technique produces a banding pattern in the heterochromatin of the centromeric regions.
C-banding
102
a family of tandemly repeated nontranscribed sequences
alphoid DNA
103
Centromeric regions of primate chromosomes are dominated by ___
Alphoid DNA
104
T/F: Satellite DNA belongs to the coding region of genome
F (noncoding)
105
Tandem repeats in satellite DNA occurs when a pattern of ___ or more nucleotides are repeated and repetitions are ___ to one another
2 Adjacent
106
Alpha Satellite Repeating unit
171 Centromeric region
107
Beta satellite Repeating unit
68 Pericentric region
108
Microsatellite Repeating unit
2-10 Dispersed all over the chromosome
109
Minisatellite Repeating unit
10-100 Telomere region
110
5 pairs metacentric chromosomes
1, 3, 16, 19, 20
111
Shape of spindle fibers: Metacentric
V-shaped
112
Shape of spindle fibers: Submetacentric
J-shaped
113
Shape of spindle fibers: Acrocentric
I-shaped
114
Submetacentric chromosomes
2, 4-12, 17, 18, X
115
Acrocentric chromosomes
13-15, 21, 22, Y
116
T/F: Telomerase "replenishes" the telomere "cap" and requires ATP
F (no ATP required)
117
Telomerase can be reactivated and telomeres reset back to an embryonic state by ___.
somatic cell nuclear transfer
118
The phenomenon of limited cellular division was first observed by ___, and is now referred to as the ___
Leonard Hayflick Hayflick limit

CTGN 2nd Shift (5 decks)

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