Unit 4: Clinical Automation

Question 1

All samples are loaded at the same time, single test is conducted on each sample.

Answer 1

Batch Testing

Question 2

An example test for Batch testing

Answer 2

RT-PCR

Question 3

Multiple tests were analyzed one after another on a given specimen, one at a time in sequence.

Answer 3

Sequential testing

Question 4

More than 1 test is analyzed concurrently on a given specimen.

Answer 4

Parallel testing

Question 5

Any test can be performed on any sample in any sequence

Answer 5

Random Access Testing

Question 6

A system other than manufacturer’s reagents can be utilized for measurement

Answer 6

Open Reagent System

Question 7

A system where the operator can only use the manufacturer’s reagents.

Answer 7

Closed Reagent System

Question 8

Provides point-to-point delivery of specimens to the laboratory

Answer 8

Pneumatic Tube Delivery System

Question 9

Advantages of Automation

Answer 9

1. Increased number of tests performed
2. Minimimizes variation of results
3. Eliminates potential error in manual analyses

Question 10

Steps in Automated Analysis

Answer 10

1. Specimen prep and identification
2. Specimen measurement and delivery
3. Reagent system and delivery
4. Chemical reaction phase
5. Separation and incubation
6. Measurement phase
7. Signal processing and data handling
8. LIS support

Question 11

4 types of Analyzers

Answer 11

1. Continuous Flow Analyzer
2. Centrifugal Analyzer
3. Discrete Analyzer
4. Random Acces Analyzer

Question 12

Analysis of samples is through sequential testing in a single or multiple parallel channel configuration, which means the same group of tests is performed on each sample

Answer 12

Continuous Flow Analyzer

Question 13

Type of analysis, which uses air bubbles in the sample and reagent streams.

Answer 13

Continuous Flow Analyzer

Question 14

Continuous Flow Analyzer uses this for cleaning media and separation

Answer 14

Air bubbles

Question 15

Maintains the required temperature of the reaction to allow complete color development

Answer 15

Heating bath

Question 16

Continuous Flow Analyzer can also perform what type of analysis?

Answer 16

Batch analysis

Question 17

Uses the force generated by centrifugation to transfer specimens and reagents

Answer 17

Centrifugal Analyzer

Question 18

Most popular and versatile analyzer, measures only the tests required on a sample

Answer 18

Discrete analyzer

Question 19

Requires 2-6 ul of the sample

Answer 19

Discrete Analyzer

Question 20

Discrete Analyzer requires how much of the sample?

Answer 20

2-6 ul

Question 21

An example of Discrete Analyzer

Answer 21

Fuji Dri-Chem Analyzer

Question 22

Analyzer that uses Reflectance Photometry

Answer 22

Fuji Dri-Chem Analyzer

Question 23

Composition of Dry slides

Answer 23

1. Spreading Layer
2. Scavenger Layer (filtering layer)
3. Reagent Layer (Reaction layer)
4. Indicator Layer (Chromogenic layer)
5. Support Layer

Question 24

Also called as filtering layer

Answer 24

Scavenger Layer

Question 25

Chooses samples and reagents at random regardless of their placement in the automated platform

Answer 25

Random Access Analyzer

Question 26

Minimize diffusion of reagents and mixing between samples

Answer 26

Air bubbles

Question 27

Reaction rate of Continuous Flow Analyzer is controlled by?

Answer 27

Temperature

Question 28

Continuous Flow Analyzer mixes samples and reagents by using?

Answer 28

Glass coils inserted into flow path

Question 29

Means of light reflected from solid surfaces

Answer 29

Reflectance photometry

Question 30

Also called as chromogenic layer

Answer 30

Indicator layer

Question 31

Also called as reaction layer

Answer 31

Reagent Layer

Question 32

Removes interfering substances

Answer 32

Scavenger layer

Question 33

Integrated into automation system to constantly check reliability

Answer 33

Levey-Jennings quality control curves

Question 34

Examples of Continuous Flow Analyzer

Answer 34

Simultaneous Multiple Analyzer (SMA) and Technicon

Question 35

Examples of Centrifugal Analyzer

Answer 35

Cobas-Bio (Roche) and IL Monarch

Question 36

Examples of Discrete Analyzer

Answer 36

1. Fuji Dri-chem Analyzer 2. Beckman ASTRA system 3. Roche Cobas Integra 4. Bayer Advia 5. Vitros-Orthoclinical Diagnostics

Question 37

Have multilayered dry slide reagents, and they do not require sample and reagent mixing because samples need only to flow through the reagent layers.

Answer 37

Vitros-Orthoclinical Diagnostics

Question 38

Utilized as sample containers/stations in the loading zone of the modulaar platforms

Answer 38

Rectangular racks or carousels with sample number codes

Question 39

Measures only the test required, employs a variety of syringe pipettes to separate samples and reagents.

Answer 39

Discrete Analyzer

Question 40

Capable of running multiple tests one sample at a time

Answer 40

Discrete Analyzer

Question 41

Layer that is point of contact with the sample

Answer 41

Spreading Layer