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The Chemistry Grind > Unit 4 - Core Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Unit 4 - Core Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Define what is meant by a ‘saturated compound.’

A

Has only single bonds and no C=C multiple bonds

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2
Q

Define what is meant by a ‘hydrocarbon.’

A

A compound consisting of carbon and hydrogen atoms only

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3
Q

Define what is meant by an ‘aliphatic compound.’

A
  • Where the carbon atoms are joined together to form a straight chain or a cycle
  • Branched or unbranched
  • Does not contain a benzene ring
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4
Q

Define what is meant by an ‘unsaturated compound.’

A

Contains at least one C=C multiple bond

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5
Q

Define what is meant by an ‘alicyclic compound.’

A
  • Where the carbon atoms are joined together in a ring structure
  • Branched or unbranched
  • Does not contain a benzene ring
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6
Q

Define what is meant by an ‘aromatic compound.’

A

A compound which contains a benzene ring (C₆H₅)

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7
Q

Define what is meant by ‘structural isomers.’

A
  • Compounds with the same molecular formula
  • But different structural formula
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8
Q

What is the general formula for;
- alkanes
- haloalkanes
- alkenes
- alkynes/cycloalkenes
- carboxylic acids

A
  • CₙH₂ₙ₊₂
  • CₙH₂ₙ₊₁Cl
  • CₙH₂ₙ
  • CₙH₂ₙ₋₂
  • Cₙ₋₁H₂ₙ₋₁COOH
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9
Q

Define what is meant by a sigma bond.

A
  • The end on end overlap of bonding orbitals
  • Directly between atoms
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10
Q

Explain why branched chain alkanes are preferred for fuels compared to straight chain alkanes.

A

They have more efficient combustion

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11
Q

State a hazard associated with carbon monoxide.

A

Carbon monoxide is poisonous

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12
Q

State two limitations of using free radical substitution to synthesyse haloalkanes.

A
  • Further substitutions can occur forming dihaloalkanes
  • Substitution occurs at a different position along the carbon chain resulting in isomers being formed
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13
Q

Define what is meant by ‘complete combustion.’

A

Burning of a substance in an excess supply of oxygen

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14
Q

Define what is meant by ‘incomplete combustion.’

A

Burning of a substance in a limited supply of oxygen

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15
Q

Define what is meant by a ‘radical.’

A

A highly reactive species with an unpaired electron

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16
Q

Define what is meant by ‘homolytic fission.’

A

The covalent bond breaks and one electron goes to each atom forming two radicals

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17
Q

Define what is meant by ‘heterolytic fission.’

A

The covalent bond breaks and both electrons go to the same atom forming two ions

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18
Q

What are the reagents of free-radical substitution?

A

UV and high temperatures

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19
Q

State why UV radiation can be hazardous.

A

Can cause sunburn and skin cancer

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20
Q

Explain how ozone is formed in the stratosphere and explain how it protects people from UV radiation.

A
  • O₂ -> O* + O*
  • O₂ + O* -> O₃
  • Ozone absorbs UV radiation
  • UV at the earth’s surface is reduced
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21
Q

What is a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)?

A
  • Compound containing only chlorine, flourine and carbon
  • Where all hydrogens are replaced
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22
Q

State four properties of CFCs?

A
  • Stable
  • Volitile (low boiling point)
  • Non-flammable
  • Non-toxic
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23
Q

State 4 uses of CFCs (in the past).

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Aerosol cans
  • Dry cleaning
  • Air-conditioning
  • Fridges
24
Q

State two sources of NO radicals in the stratosphere.

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Aircraft engines
  • Thunderstorms
25
State an alternative to using CFCs and give an advantage and disadvantage to their use.
- HCFCs or HFCs - Broken down in the atmosphere more quickly - They are greenhouse gases
26
State the name of the reaction where haloalkanes react with water to form alcohols.
Aqueous hydrolysis
27
Explain the difference in the rate of hydrolysis between 2-iodobutane and 2-chloropropane.
- Rate is slower with chloroalkanes - C-I bond is weaker than the C-Cl bond
28
Define what is meant by a 'nucleophile.'
An electron pair donor
29
Define what is meant by the use of curly arrows.
The movement of an electron pair
30
Describe how a pi-bond is formed.
- The sideways overlap of p-orbitals - To give a pi-bond above and below
31
Define what is meant by 'stereoisomers.'
- Compounds with the same structural formula - But a different arrangement of atoms in space
32
What is meant by E and Z isomerism?
- (Z) is when both high-priority groups are on the 'same' side - (E) is when both high-priority groups are on 'either' side
33
Define what is meant by an 'electrophile.'
An electron pair acceptor
34
State the reagents required for nucleophilic substitution (alkali hydrolysis).
- Warm, aqueous NaOH/KOH - Reflux
35
State the reagents required for electrophilic addition (alkenes -> haloalkanes)
20°C
36
State the reagents required for aqueous hydrolysis.
- Steam - H₃PO₄ - 300°C - 65atm
37
State the reagents required for hydrogenation (alkene -> alkane).
- H₂ - Ni - 150°C
38
State the reagents required for dehydration/elimination (alcohol -> alkene).
- Heat - H₂SO₄/H₃PO₄
39
In a reaction between an alkene and steam explain why one organic product is more likely to form than the other.
- A secondary carbocation is more stable than a primary carbocation - The major product is the one formed from a more stable carbocation intermediate - The major product is formed from a carbocation that is bonded to more alkyl groups
40
Define what is meant by a 'monomer.'
A single repeating unit
41
Define what is meant by a 'polymer.'
Made up of long repeating units of monomers
42
Explain the difference in reactivity between addition polymers and alkenes.
- Alkenes are unsaturated compounds - Addition polymers are saturated compounds - Addition polymers are chemically inery and are non-biodegradable
43
Give a property of addition polymers and state an advantage and disadvantage to this property.
- Addition polymers are unreactive and are not biodegradable - So they are long-lasting and reusable - However they are difficult to dispose
44
Suggest when plastic can be placed into landfill.
- When it is too difficult to seperate from other waste - When it is not in sufficient quantities to make separation financially worthwhile - When it is too difficult to technically recycle
45
Explain how addition polymers can biodegrade naturally.
UV radiation can cause polymers to photobiodegrade
46
Suggest two ways of processing waste polymer other than landfill and recycling.
- Use it as an organic feedstock - Combust for energy production
47
What is a limitation of burning polymers for energy?
Chloride polymers can release toxic chlorine gas
48
How can sodium hydrogen carbonate be used to remove toxic chlorine gas?
HCl + NaHCO₃ -> NaCl + H₂O + CO₂
49
What are the reagents for the oxidation reactions of alcohols.
- K₂Cr₂O₇ - H₂SO₄
50
What colour change occurs in the oxidation reactions of alcohols?
- Orange to green for primary and secondary alcohols - No colour change, remains green, for tertiary alcohols
51
State one advantage and one disadvantage of burning polymers as fuels.
- Combustion can generate electricity - CO₂ is released which is a greenhouse gas and causes global warming
52
Explain why alcohols are good fuels.
They produce a lot of energy per mole of alcohol burnt
53
Explain why alcohols are added to petrol mixtures.
- Prevents incomplete combustion - They contain an internal supply of oxygen in the form of an OH group
54
Describe the process of redistillation.
- Obtains a more pure product - Collect the fraction at the boiling point of the pure compound
55
Describe how IR spectroscopy works.
- A beam of infrared radiation is passed through a sample of a chemical - Bonds between different atoms absorb different frequencies of IR radiation - IR radiation causes covalent bonds to vibrate more - IR radiation that is not absorbed is detected by a detector
56
Give two uses of IR spectroscopy.
- Modern breathalysers - Used to look for the presence of ethanol in a drivers breath - Detects O-H bonds - Monitoring the concentration of gases that cause air pollution - E.g: peak intensities of C-O and N-O bonds are studied
57
Give four uses of mass spectrometry.
- Monitor breathing of patients that are under anaesthetic - Testing for drug use in athletes/horses - Analysis of molecules in space - Testing for toxic chemicals that have contaminated marine life

The Chemistry Grind (5 decks)

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