Unit 4 day 2

Question 1

The larger size and complex packaging of eukaryotic chromosomes means they must be replicated from what?

Answer 1

Multiple origins.

Question 2

Synthesizing the ends of the chromosomes is difficult because of what?

Answer 2

The lack of a primer.

Question 3

With each round of DNA replication the linear eukaryotic chromosome becomes what?

Answer 3

Shorter

Question 4

What are mutations?

Answer 4

It is mistakes during DNA replication can lead to changes in the DNA sequence and other DNA damage.

Question 5

What are mutagens?

Answer 5

It is DNA that can also be damaged by chemical or physical agents

Question 6

What is specific DNA repair?

Answer 6

It targets a particular type of DNA damage

Question 7

What is an example of specific DNA repair?

Answer 7

Thymine dimers

Question 8

What is non-specific DNA repair?

Answer 8

It can repair many different kinds of damage

Question 9

What is an example of non-specific DNA repair?

Answer 9

Excision repair

Question 10

What is central dogma of molecular biology?

Answer 10

It states that information flows in one direction, from DNA to RNA to protein

Question 11

What is transcription?

Answer 11

It is the flow of information from DNA to RNA

Question 12

What is translation?

Answer 12

It is the flow of information from RNA to protein

Question 13

What do we know today about the nature of genes?

Answer 13

One gene- one polypeptide hypothesis

Question 14

What are the main 4 nucleotides?

Answer 14

A, T, G, C

Question 15

Crick and Brenner determined that DNA is read in sets of what?

Answer 15

3 nucleotides for each amino acid

Question 16

What is codon?

Answer 16

A set of 3 nucleotides specifying a certain amino acid

Question 17

What is a reading frame?

Answer 17

The series of nucleotides that will produce the “right” protein when read in sets of 3.

Question 18

What are the stop codons?

Answer 18

UUA, UGA, and UAG

Question 19

What is the start codons?

Answer 19

AUG

Question 20

What is degenerate?

Answer 20

The remainder of the code

Question 21

What does degenerate mean?

Answer 21

Some amino acids are specified by more than one codon

Question 22

What is wobble pairing?

Answer 22

It is the last base is the variable.

Question 23

What does template DNA strand do?

Answer 23

Make RNA

Question 24

What does coding DNA strand do?

Answer 24

It is the complementary to the template strand

Question 25

What is RNA polymerase?

Answer 25

It is an enzyme that synthesized the primary RNA transcript using the template DNA strand

Question 26

What is RNA transcript?

Answer 26

It has the same nucleotide sequence as the coding for DNA strand.

Question 27

What is initiation regarding transcription?

Answer 27

RNA polymerase identifies a specific starting DNA sequence.

Question 28

What is elongation regarding transcription?

Answer 28

Ribonucleotides are added to the 3’ end of the new RNA

Question 29

What is termination regarding transcription?

Answer 29

RNA polymerase stops when it encounters a terminating DNA sequence.

Question 30

How many types RNA are required for gene expression?

Answer 30

6 types

Question 31

What does mRNA do?

Answer 31

It carries the information from DNA that encodes proteins

Question 32

What does rRNA do?

Answer 32

It is a structural component of the ribosome

Question 33

What does tRNA do?

Answer 33

It carries AA to the ribosome from translation

Question 34

What is mRNA?

Answer 34

It is messenger RNA

Question 35

What is rRNA?

Answer 35

It is ribosomal RNA

Question 36

What is tRNA?

Answer 36

It is transfer RNA

Question 37

What is the sigma factor?

Answer 37

It is what is required for transcription initiation

Question 38

Does translation or transcription come first?

Answer 38

Transcription