UNIT 4: Evolution of Technology, Inventions and its Makers Flashcards
(160 cards)
1
Q
Different Types of Technologies:
A
• Information Technology
• Communication Technology
• Consumer Technology
• Business Technology
• Emerging Technologies
2
Q
Different Types of Technologies:
______ encompasses the use of computers, storage, networking devices, and other physical devices, infrastructure, and processes to create, process, store, secure, and exchange all forms of electronic data.
A
Information Technology
3
Q
Different Types of Technologies:
______ refers to the systems, tools, and devices used to transmit, store, retrieve, and share information.
A
Communication Technology
4
Q
Different Types of Technologies:
______: It encompasses various methods of communication, from traditional telephone networks to advanced internet-based services.
A
Communication Technology
5
Q
Different Types of Technologies:
______ refers to electronic devices designed for personal use, often integrating Information Technology (IT) and communication systems to enhance user experiences in various aspects of daily life, including entertainment, productivity, health, and communication.
A
Consumer Technology
6
Q
Different Types of Technologies:
______ encompasses the systems, tools, and software that businesses use to streamline operations, improve efficiency, and drive growth.
These technologies support critical functions such as financial management, customer relations, supply chain management, and decision-making processes, ensuring that businesses can operate more effectively in today’s digital environment.
A
Business Technology
7
Q
Different Types of Technologies:
______ refer to new and innovative technologies that are in the process of development or expected to significantly impact industries, businesses, and society in the near future.
These technologies have the potential to transform how we live, work, and interact, offering new possibilities and solutions across various fields.
A
Emerging Technologies
8
Q
Key Components of Information Technology:
A
Computers
Networking
Software
Cloud Computing
9
Q
Key Components Communication Technology:
A
Telecommunications
Internet-based Communication
10
Q
Key Components Consumer Technology:
A
Smartphones
Tablets
Wearables
11
Q
Key Components of Business Technology:
A
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Systems
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Systems
12
Q
Key Components of Emerging Technologies:
A
Artificial Intelligence
Blockchain
Internet of Things (IoT)
13
Q
Key Components of Information Technology:
Computers:
______: These are the most common forms of personal computing devices used for a wide range of tasks, such as word processing, gaming, programming, video editing, and more.
A
Desktops and Laptops
14
Q
Key Components of Information Technology:
Computers:
______: Typically more powerful, customizable, and suited for tasks that require significant computing resources.
They are ideal for office setups, gaming, and design studios.
A
Desktops
15
Q
Key Components of Information Technology:
Computers:
______: Portable alternatives to desktops, offering similar functionalities with added mobility. These are ideal for students, professionals on the go, and individuals who need computing power with flexibility.
A
Laptops
16
Q
Key Components of Information Technology:
Computers:
______: These are powerful computers designed to manage, store, and distribute data and resources across a network.
A
Servers
17
Q
Key Components of Information Technology:
Computers:
______: are essential in both small and large-scale IT environments, including data centers and cloud computing services. They manage resources like websites, databases, emails, and applications, often hosting multiple users simultaneously.
A
Servers
18
Q
Key Components of Information Technology:
Networking:
______: Devices that connect different networks, directing data between them. They are fundamental for connecting local area networks (LAN) to the internet and enabling communication between different parts of an organization or even different organizations.
A
Routers
19
Q
Key Components of Information Technology:
Networking:
______: Devices used within a network to connect
multiple devices such as computers, printers, and servers.
A
Switches
20
Q
Key Components of Information Technology:
Networking:
______: allow these devices to communicate efficiently within the same network, enabling internal data sharing and resource management.
A
Switches
21
Q
Key Components of Information Technology:
Networking:
______: Essential security devices in networking. They monitor and control incoming and outgoing network traffic, enforcing security rules designed to prevent unauthorized access.
A
Firewalls
22
Q
Key Components of Information Technology:
Networking:
______: They are crucial for protecting sensitive information and preventing cyberattacks, serving as the first line of defense in network security.
A
Firewalls
23
Q
Key Components of Information Technology:
______ is the intangible aspect of IT systems, consisting of the programs and operating systems that manage hardware and provide user functionality.
A
Sottware
24
Q
Key Components of Information Technology:
Software:
______: manages all hardware and software resources on a computer.
A
Operating Systems
25
Key Components of Information Technology:
Software:
______: It controls tasks like memory allocation, processing power, and file management, providing a user-friendly interface.
Operating Systems
26
Common examples of operating systems include:
• ______: Widely used in both personal and business environments for its compatibility and user-friendly interface.
• ______: Popular among creative professionals and known for its seamless integration with Apple devices.
• ______: An open-source operating system often used in servers, programming, and development environments due to its flexibility and security features.
Windows
macOS
Linux
27
Key Components of Information Technology:
Software:
Applications
• ______: Microsoft Word, Google Docs, Excel for document creation and data analysis.
• ______: VLC Media Player, Spotify for media consumption.
• ______: Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Edge for accessing the internet.
Productivity Apps
Media Players
Web Browsers
28
Key Components of Information Technology:
______ is an innovation that allows users to access IT resources, including storage, servers, databases, and software, over the internet.
Cloud computing
29
Key Components of Information Technology:
______: It offers scalability, flexibility, and cost-efficiency, enabling businesses to optimize their IT infrastructure without maintaining extensive on-premises hardware.
Cloud Computing
30
Key Components of Information Technology:
Types of ______: laas, Paas, Saas
Cloud Computing
31
Key Components of Information Technology:
Cloud Computing:
______: Provides virtualized computing resources over the internet, including virtual machines, storage, and networking.
IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service)
32
Key Components of Information Technology:
Cloud Computing:
______: Users are responsible for managing applications, data, and middleware, while the cloud provider manages the physical infrastructure.
IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service)
33
Key Components of Information Technology:
Cloud Computing:
______ Example: Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure.
IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service):
34
Key Components of Information Technology:
Cloud Computing:
______: Provides a platform that allows developers to build, run, and manage applications without worrying about the underlying infrastructure.
PaaS (Platform as a Service)
35
Key Components of Information Technology:
Cloud Computing:
______: The cloud provider manages the infrastructure, and developers focus on coding and deploying applications.
PaaS (Platform as a Service)
36
Key Components of Information Technology:
Cloud Computing:
______: Example: Google App Engine, Heroku.
PaaS (Platform as a Service)
37
Key Components of Information Technology:
Cloud Computing:
______: Delivers fully functional software applications over the internet, accessible through a web browser or client software.
SaaS (Software as a Service)
38
Key Components of Information Technology:
Cloud Computing:
______: The cloud provider manages everything, including the infrastructure, platform, and the software itself.
SaaS (Software as a Service)
39
Key Components of Information Technology:
Cloud Computing:
______: Example: Google Workspace, Salesforce.
Saas (Software as a Service)
40
Key Components Communication Technology:
Telecommunications:
______: Devices used for voice communication, text messaging, and internet access.
Mobile Phones
41
Key Components Communication Technology:
Telecommunications:
______: Modern smartphones are powerful, multifunctional devices with capabilities such as video conferencing, GPS navigation, and multimedia entertainment.
Mobile Phones
42
Key Components Communication Technology:
Telecommunications:
______: involves the use of
satellites to transmit and receive signals over long distances.
Satellite communication
43
Key Components Communication Technology:
Telecommunications:
______: It plays a key role in various global communications systems.
Satellite Communication
44
Key Components Communication Technology:
Internet-based Communication:
______: is a software application that enables users to access, retrieve, and view content on the World Wide Web.
web browser
45
Key Components Communication Technology:
Internet-based Communication:
______: Examples: Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Safari, and Microsoft Edge.
Web Browsers
46
Key Components Communication Technology:
Internet-based Communication:
______: is an electronic method of exchanging digital messages over the internet.
Email
47
Key Components Communication Technology:
Internet-based Communication:
______: It is one of the most widely used forms of communication in both personal and professional environments.
Email
48
Key Components Communication Technology:
Internet-based Communication:
______: refers to online platforms that allow users to create, share, and interact with content.
Social media
49
Key Components Communication Technology:
Internet-based Communication:
______: These platforms enable users to post updates, share media, communicate with others, and participate in communities.
Social Media
50
Key Components Communication Technology:
Internet-based Communication:
______: Popular Platforms: Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, LinkedIn, TikTok.
Social Media
51
Key Components Consumer Technology:
______ are portable devices that combine traditional mobile phone capabilities (calls, SMS) with advanced computing functions such as internet browsing, multimedia playback, and mobile apps.
Smartphones
52
Key Components Consumer Technology:
______ are portable, touch-screen devices larger than smartphones but smaller than laptops. They are used for a variety of purposes, such as web browsing, reading, multimedia consumption, and productivity tasks.
Tablets
53
Key Components Consumer Technology:
______ are electronic devices designed to be worn on the body, such as smartwatches, fitness trackers, and augmented reality glasses.
These devices often connect to smartphones and provide users with real-time notifications, health metrics, and other functionalities.
Wearables
54
Key Components Consumer Technology:
Types of Wearables:
• ______: Devices worn on the wrist that sync with smartphones, allowing users to receive notifications, track fitness data, and in some cases, make calls or send texts. Popular examples include the Apple Watch and Samsung Galaxy Watch.
• ______: Devices like Fitbit and Garmin that monitor health metrics, such as steps, heart rate, sleep patterns, and calories burned. They are widely used for personal fitness and health tracking.
• ______: Augmented reality (AR) glasses, like Google Glass, overlay digital information onto the real world, providing hands-free access to information, navigation, and notifications.
Smartwatches
Fitness Trackers
AR Glasses
55
Key Components of Business Technology:
______ are integrated software platforms designed to manage and automate various core business processes, including finance, supply chain, operations, reporting, manufacturing, and human resources.
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems
56
Key Components of Business Technology:
Examples: SAP and Oracle ERP
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Systems
57
Key Components of Business Technology:
______ are software tools designed to manage a company's interactions with current and potential customers.
These systems help businesses improve customer relationships, streamline sales processes, and enhance marketing efforts.
Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems
58
Key Components of Emerging Technologies:
______ involves the development of machines and systems that can perform tasks typically requiring human intelligence, such as problem-solving, learning, and decision-making.
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
59
Key Components of Emerging Technologies:
Artificial Intelligence:
Key Concepts:
• ______: A subset of AI where machines learn from data patterns and improve their performance over time without explicit programming.
• ______: AI systems that can understand and generate human language, enabling technologies like chatbots, virtual assistants, and language translation services.
• ______: AI-powered robots are designed to perform tasks autonomously or semi-autonomously, often in industries like manufacturing, healthcare, and logistics.
• ______: AI systems that analyze large datasets to make predictions about future outcomes, helping businesses optimize decision-making processes.
Machine Learning (ML), Natural Language Processing (NLP), Robotics, Predictive Analytics
60
Key Components of Emerging Technologies:
Artificial Intelligence:
Applications:
• ______: AI is used in customer service (chatbots), automation of repetitive tasks, predictive maintenance, and fraud detection.
• ______: AI helps in diagnostics, drug discovery, and personalized treatment plans through data analysis and
machine learning.
• ______: Virtual assistants like Siri, Alexa, and Google Assistant use Al to respond to user requests, manage smart home devices, and provide information.
Business, Healthcare, Everyday Life
61
Key Components of Emerging Technologies:
______ is a decentralized, distributed ledger technology that records transactions securely and transparently across multiple computers.
It ensures data integrity and security by making transaction histories immutable.
Blockchain
62
Key Components of Emerging Technologies:
The ______ refers to the network of physical objects (devices, vehicles, appliances, etc.) embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies that enable them to collect and exchange data over the internet.
Internet of Things (IoT)
63
Key Components of Emerging Technologies:
Internet of Things (IoT):
Applications:
• ______: IoT enables devices like thermostats, refrigerators, security systems, and lights to be connected and controlled remotely, creating energy-efficient and convenient living spaces.
• ______: IoT devices like wearable health monitors track patient vitals and send data to healthcare providers in real-time, improving care and diagnostics.
• ______: In manufacturing and logistics, IoT sensors monitor machinery, predict maintenance needs, and streamline supply chain management.
• ______: IoT is used in urban planning to monitor traffic flow, manage energy consumption, and improve waste management, enhancing sustainability and efficiency.
Smart Homes, Healthcare, Industrial IoT, Smart Cities
64
Key Components of Information Technology:
Computers:
Desktops and Laptops
Servers
65
Key Components of Information Technology:
Networking:
Routers
Switches
Firewalls
66
Key Components of Information Technology:
Software:
Operating Systems
Applications
67
Key Components of Information Technology:
Cloud Computing:
IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service)
PaaS (Platform as a Service)
Saas (Software as a Service)
68
Key Components Communication Technology:
Telecommunications:
Mobile Phones
Satellite Communication
69
Key Components Communication Technology:
Internet-based Communication:
Web Browsers
Email
Social Media
70
History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods
Earliest Computers originally calculations were computed by ______, whose job title was ______.
humans, computers
71
History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods
These human computers were typically engaged in the calculation of a ______.
mathematical expression
72
History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods
The calculations of this period were ______ and ______, requiring years of training in mathematics.
specialized, expensive
73
History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods
The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in ______, referring to a person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued to be used in that sense until the ______.
1613, middle of the 20th century
74
A ______ was an ancient memory aid device to record and document numbers, quantities, or even messages.
tally stick
75
An ______ is a mechanical device used to
aid an individual in performing mathematical calculations.
abacus
76
The abacus was invented in ______ in ______
Babylonia, 2400 B.C.
77
The abacus in the form we are most familiar
with was first used in ______ in around ______.
It used to perform basic arithmetic operations.
China, 500 B.C
78
______: Allowed the operator to multiply, divide and calculate square and cube roots by moving the rods around and placing them in specially constructed boards.
Napier's Bone
79
Napier's Bone: Invented by ______ in ______.
John Napier, 1614
80
______: Is based on Napier's ideas about logarithms.
Slide Rule
81
______: Used primarily for - multiplication - division - roots - logarithms - Trigonometry
Not normally used for addition or subtraction.
Slide Rule
82
Slide Rule: Invented by ______ in ______.
William Oughtred, 1622
83
______: It was limited to addition and subtraction. It is too expensive.
Pascaline
84
Pascaline: Invented by ______ in ______.
Blaise Pascal, 1642
85
______: A machine that can add, subtract, multiply and divide automatically.
Stepped Reckoner
86
Stepped Reckoner: Invented by ______ in ______.
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1672
87
______: It is a mechanical loom. It is an automatic loom controlled by punched cards.
Jacquard Loom
88
Jacquard Loom: Invented by ______ in ______.
Joseph-Marie Jacquard, 1881
89
______: The first reliable, useful and commercially successful calculating machine. The machine could perform the four basic mathematic
functions.
Arithmometer
90
______: The first mass-produced calculating machine.
Arithmometer
91
Arithmometer: Invented by ______ in ______
Thomas de Colmar, 1820
92
______: It an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions.
Difference Engine and Analytical Engine
93
______: It is the first mechanical computer.
Difference Engine and Analytical Engine
94
Difference Engine and Analytical Engine: Invented by ______ in ______ and ______
Charles Babbage, 1822, 1834
95
First Computer Programmer:
Augusta Ada Byron
96
In 1840, ______ suggests to Babbage that he use the binary system.
Augusta Ada Byron
97
______: She writes programs for the Analytical Engine.
Augusta Ada Byron
98
______: Based on Charles Babbage's difference engine.
Scheutzian Calculation Engine
99
______: The first printing calculator.
Scheutzian Calculation Engine
100
Scheutzian Calculation Engine: Invented by ______ in ______.
Per Georg Scheutz, 1843
101
______: To assist in summarizing information and accounting.
Tabulating Machine
102
Tabulating Machine: Invented by ______ in ______
Herman Hollerith, 1890
103
______: Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC).
Harvard Mark 1
104
______: The first electro-mechanical computer.
Harvard Mark 1
105
Harvard Mark 1: Invented by ______ in ______
Howard H. Aiken, 1943
106
______: The first programmable computer.
Z1
107
To program the ______ required that the user insert punch tape into a punch tape reader and all output was also generated through punch tape.
Z1
108
Z1: Created by ______ in ______ from ______ to ______
Konrad Zuse, Germany, 1936, 1938
109
Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC): Invented by Professor ______ and graduate student ______ at ______ between ______ and ______.
John Atanasoff, Clifford Berry, Iowa State University, 1939, 1942
110
______: It was the first electronic general-purpose computer.
ENIAC
111
ENIAC stands for ______.
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
112
ENIAC: Completed in ______.
1946
113
ENIAC: Developed by ______ and ______
John Presper Eckert, John Mauchly
114
______: was the first commercial computer.
UNIVAC 1
115
UNIVAC 1 stands for ______.
UNIVersal Automatic Computer 1
116
UNIVAC 1: Designed by ______ and ______
John Presper Eckert, John Mauchly
117
______: The First Stored Program Computer. It has a memory to hold both a stored program as well as data.
EDVAC
118
EDVAC stands for ______
Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
119
EDVAC: Designed by ______ in ______
Von Neumann, 1952
120
______ - the first portable computer.
Osborne 1
121
Osborne 1: Released in ______ by the ______.
1981, Osborne Computer Corporation
122
The first computer company was the ______.
Electronic Controls Company
123
Electronic Controls Company: Founded in ______ by ______ and ______.
1949, John Presper Eckert, John Mauchly
124
Basic Computing Periods - Ages:
PREMECHANICAL
MECHANICAL
ELECTROMECHANICAL
ELECTRONIC
125
Basic Computing Periods - Ages:
The ______ age is the earliest age of information technology.
premechanical
126
Basic Computing Periods - Ages:
PREMECHANICAL
• It can be defined as the time between ______ and ______
3000B.C., 1450A.D.
127
Basic Computing Periods - Ages:
PREMECHANICAL
• When humans first started communicating they would try to use language or simple picture drawings known as ______ which were usually carved in rock. Early alphabets were developed such as the ______.
petroglyths, Phoenician alphabet
128
Basic Computing Periods - Ages:
PREMECHANICAL
• As alphabets became more popular and more people were writing information down, pens and paper began to be developed. It started off as just marks in wet clay, but later paper was created out of ______. The most popular kind of paper made was probably by the ______ who made paper from ______.
papyrus plant, Chinese, rags
129
Basic Computing Periods - Ages:
PREMECHANICAL
• Now that people were writing a lot of information down, they needed ways to keep it all in permanent storage. This is where the first ______ and ______ are developed. You've probably heard of ______ which were popular ways of writing down information to save. Some groups of people were actually binding paper together into a book-like form.
books, libraries, Egyptian scrolls
130
Basic Computing Periods - Ages:
PREMECHANICAL
• Also, during this period were the first ______. Around 100A.D. was when the first ______ system was created by people from ______. However, it wasn't until 875A.D. (775 years later) that the number ______ was invented.
numbering systems, 1-9, India, 0
131
Basic Computing Periods - Ages:
PREMECHANICAL
• Now that numbers were created, people wanted stuff to do with them, so they created ______.
• A ______ was the very first sign of an information processor. The popular model of that time was the ______.
calculators, calculator, abacus
132
Basic Computing Periods - Ages:
MECHANICAL
• The mechanical age can be defined as the time between ______ and ______.
• A lot of new technologies are developed in this era as there is a large explosion in interest with this area.
1450, 1840
133
Basic Computing Periods - Ages:
MECHANICAL
• Technologies like the ______ (an analog computer used for multiplying and dividing) were invented.
slide rule
134
Basic Computing Periods - Ages:
MECHANICAL
• ______ invented the ______ which was a very popular mechanical computer.
Blaise Pascal, Pascaline
135
Basic Computing Periods - Ages:
MECHANICAL
• ______ developed the ______ which tabulated polynomial equations using the method of finite differences.
Charles Babbage, difference engine
136
Basic Computing Periods - Ages:
ELECTROMECHANICAL
• The electromechanical age can be defined as the time between ______ and ______.
1840, 1940
137
Basic Computing Periods - Ages:
ELECTROMECHANICAL
• These are the beginnings of telecommunication. The ______ was created in the early ______.
telegraph, 1800s
138
Basic Computing Periods - Ages:
ELECTROMECHANICAL
• Morse code was created by ______ in ______. The ______ (one of the most popular forms of communication ever) was created by ______ in ______.
Samuel Morse, 1835, telephone, Alexander Graham Bell, 1876
139
Basic Computing Periods - Ages:
ELECTROMECHANICAL
• The first radio developed by ______ in ______. All of these were extremely crucial emerging technologies that led to big advances in the information technology field.
Guglielmo Marconi, 1894
140
Basic Computing Periods - Ages:
ELECTROMECHANICAL
• The first large-scale automatic digital computer in the United States was the ______ created by Harvard University around ______. This computer was 8ft high, 50ft long, 2ft wide, and weighed 5 tons. It was programmed using punch cards.
Mark 1, 1940
141
Basic Computing Periods - Ages:
The ______ is what we currently live in. It can be defined as the time between 1940 and right now.
electronic age
142
Basic Computing Periods - Ages:
ELECTRONIC
• The ______ was the first high-speed, digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems. This computer was designed to be used by the U.S. Army for artillery firing tables. This machine was even bigger than the Mark 1 taking up 680 square feet and weighing 30 tons. It mainly used vacuum tubes to do its calculations.
ENIAC
143
Basic Computing Periods - Ages:
ELECTRONIC
There are 4 main sections of digital computing.
• The first was the era of ______ and
______ like the ______ and ______.
______ were used for internal storage.
vacuum tubes, punch cards, ENIAC, Mark 1, Rotating magnetic drums
144
Basic Computing Periods - Ages:
ELECTRONIC
There are 4 main sections of digital computing.
• The second generation replaced vacuum tubes with ______, punch cards were replaced with ______, and rotating magnetic drums were replaced by ______ for internal storage. Also during this time high-level programming languages were created such as ______ and ______.
transistors, magnetic tape, magnetic cores, FORTRAN, COBOL
145
Basic Computing Periods - Ages:
ELECTRONIC
There are 4 main sections of digital computing.
• The third generation replaced transistors with ______, magnetic tape was used throughout all computers, and magnetic core turned into ______. An
actual ______ showed up around this time along with the advanced programming language ______.
integrated circuits, metal oxide semiconductors, operating system, BASIC
146
Basic Computing Periods - Ages:
ELECTRONIC
There are 4 main sections of digital computing.
• The fourth and latest generation brought in
______ which contained memory, logic, and control circuits all on a single chip. The personal computer was developed (______). The ______ was developed.
CPUs (central processing units), Apple II, graphical user interface (GUI)
147
History of Computer:
Generations of Computer
First Generation: ______
Second Generation: ______
Third Generation: ______
Fourth Generation: ______
Fifth Generation: ______
1946 - 1958
1959 - 1964
1965 - 1970
1971 - Today
Today - Future
148
History of Computer: Generations of Computer
The First Generation
• The first computers used ______ for circuitry and ______ for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms.
• Examples: ______
vacuum tubes, magnetic drums, ENIAC - EDSAC - UNIVAC I, UNIVAC II, UNIVAC 1101
149
History of Computer: Generations of Computer
The First Generation
• First generation computers relied on ______, the lowest-level programming language understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time.
machine language
150
History of Computer: Generations of Computer
The First Generation
• Input was based on ______ and ______, and output was displayed on ______.
punched cards, paper tape, printouts
151
History of Computer: Generations of Computer
The Second Generation
• ______ replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers.
Transistors
152
History of Computer: Generations of Computer
The Second Generation
• Examples: ______
UNIVAC III, RCA 501, Philco
Transact S-2000, NCR 300 series, IBM 7030
Stretch, IBM 7070, 7080, 7090 series
153
History of Computer: Generations of Computer
The Second Generation
• Moved from cryptic binary machine language to ______, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words.
symbolic
154
History of Computer: Generations of Computer
The Second Generation
• Still relied on ______ for input and ______ for output. These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to ______ technology.
punched cards, printouts, magnetic core
155
History of Computer: Generations of Computer
The Third Generation
• The development of the ______ was the hallmark of the third generation of computers.
integrated circuit
156
History of Computer: Generations of Computer
The Third Generation
• Transistors were miniaturized and placed
on silicon chips, called ______, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers. It could carry out instructions in billionths of a second. Much smaller and cheaper compare to the second-generation computers.
semiconductors
157
History of Computer: Generations of Computer
The Fourth Generation
• The ______ brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip
microprocessor
158
History of Computer: Generations of Computer
The Fourth Generation
• Fourth generation computers also saw the development of ______, the mouse and handheld devices.
GUIs
159
History of Computer: Generations of Computer
The Fifth Generation
• Based on ______. Still in development. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality.
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
160
History of Computer: Generations of Computer
The Fifth Generation
• The goal is to develop devices that respond to ______ input and are capable of learning and self-organization.
• There are some applications, such as ______, that are being used today.
natural language, voice recognition
