unit 4 exam

Question 1

what is a longitudinal design?

Answer 1

design where participants are assessed at two or more points in time

Question 2

what 4 things does a longitudinal design wish to examine?

Answer 2

1.what happens over time
2.what precedes what
3.what follows what
4.mediation

Question 3

what is a prospective longitudinal design?

Answer 3

follows participants into the future

Question 4

what did the NY high risk study of schizophrenia study do?

Answer 4

-tracked children from ages 5-30 who had parents who either had schizophrenia, a mood disorder, or neither and saw how they developed psychologically

Question 5

what did the NY high risk study of schizophrenia find?

Answer 5

-children who had parents with schizophrenia were more likely to develop schizophrenia

Question 6

what is a retrospective longitudinal design?

Answer 6

retrieves information about participant’s past

Question 7

what did walker’s study of childhood home movies do?

Answer 7

looked at adults home movies to see if they had motor issues as children

Question 8

what is the major methodological issue with prospective longitudinal design?

Answer 8

attrition: participants dropping out of the study

Question 9

when there is attrition (participant dropout), what is important to do?

Answer 9

test whether drop-outs differ from participants who do not drop out in order to see if there is a systematic bias

Question 10

what is the major methodological issue with retrospective longitudinal design?

Answer 10

may not be able to find retrospective data for all individuals you want to include in study

Question 11

Being expensive and time consuming are disadvantages of which type of longitudinal design?

Answer 11

prospective design

Question 12

are retrospective designs cheaper and quicker than prospective designs?

Answer 12

yes

Question 13

The information you want probably not being available is a disadvantage of which type of longitudinal design?

Answer 13

retrospective design

Question 14

can you measure exactly what you want with prospective design?

Answer 14

yes

Question 15

True or false: longitudinal designs can prove causation.

Answer 15

false

Question 16

According to longitudinal design, if A is hypothesized to contribute to B, then___ at time 1 should predict ____ at time 2.

Answer 16

A, B

Question 17

If A does not precede B, you can rule out the possibility that _________.

Answer 17

A causes B

Question 18

Just because A measured at time 1 predicts B at time 2 does not mean that A causes B. What are the 2 alternative explanations for this?

Answer 18

1.a third variable (C) causes both A and B
2.B causes A and then if B is stable enough, A will predict B again

Question 19

what should you do if you want to rule out alternative explanations?

Answer 19

measure A and B at both time 1 and time 2 and control for B at time 1

Question 20

when should you conduct a t-test?

Answer 20

when examining a single variable and there are only two levels of the variable

Question 21

when should you conduct an analysis of variance?

Answer 21

when examining single variable and there are three or more levels of the variable

Question 22

If there is one group with multiple times/multiple measures per group, which kind of measurement should be used?

Answer 22

paired sample (dependent ) t test

Question 23

If there are two or more groups with multiple times/multiple measures per group, which kind of measurement should be used?

Answer 23

repeated measures analysis of variance

Question 24

what is effect size?

Answer 24

measure of magnitude of an effect such as the difference in mean scores or association between two variables

Question 25

when comparing two means, effect size if measured using what? what is the formula

Answer 25

cohen's d d = (mean 1-mean 2)/SD

Question 26

When there is a bigger effect size, there is ____ overlap.

Answer 26

less

Question 27

In which type of hypothesis will there be a difference but no prediction of the direction of the effect?

Answer 27

two-tailed hypothesis

Question 28

In which type of hypothesis will there be a difference and a prediction of the direction of the effect?

Answer 28

1-tailed hypothesis

Question 29

what does null hypothesis significance testing test?

Answer 29

the probability of obtaining the results you obtained if the null hypothesis is true

Question 30

what is statistical significance influenced by?

Answer 30

-sample size -effect size

Question 31

what are the possible errors of null hypothesis significance testing?

Answer 31

-type 1 error -type 2 error

Question 32

what is a type 1 error?

Answer 32

reject the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is true

Question 33

what is a type 2 error?

Answer 33

fail to reject the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is not true

Question 34

type 1 errors and type 2 errors have what kind of relationship?

Answer 34

inverse

Question 35

is a correlation of 0.50 with a sample size of 10 statistically significant?

Answer 35

no

Question 36

is a correlation of 0.10 with a sample of 500 statistically significant?

Answer 36

yes

Question 37

what are the criticisms of null hypothesis significance testing?

Answer 37

-the cutoffs are unreasonable (p = 0.049 vs p = 0.051) -statistical significance says nothing about the magnitude of effect

Question 38

what are the proposed solutions/alternatives to null hypothesis significance testing?

Answer 38

-confidence intervals

Question 39

The more confident you want to be, the _____ must be the range/interval

Answer 39

larger

Question 40

the smaller the range/interval, the ____ confident you will be.

Answer 40

less

Question 41

when is a quasi experimental design used?

Answer 41

to study the impact of policy decisions made and implemented by non-researchers

Question 42

what is a time series deisign?

Answer 42

follow up one group of individuals over time with an intervention in the middle, no control group

Question 43

how are quasi designs and AB designs different?

Answer 43

researcher typically has no control over the intervention and when it occurs

Question 44

what is a multiple time series design?

Answer 44

follow up two groups of individuals over time with some intervention occurring in the middle for only one of the groups, intervention not random

Question 45

what is an equivalent time samples design?

Answer 45

follow up a group of individuals over time, with some intervention occurring off and on

Question 46

in the absence of an intervention, you would expect the relationship between two variables to be _____.

Answer 46

linear

Question 47

when the intervention works, you would expect to find a ______ in outcome between people who received the intervention and those who did not.

Answer 47

discontinuity

Question 48

when would you use a regression discontinuity?

Answer 48

if a subset of population is selected using some cut-off