Unit 4

Question 1

G protein-coupled receptors are (hydrophobic/hydrophilic) and (nonpolar/polar)

Location of the receptor protein (lipid bilayer/nucleus)

Cell response (rapid/slow) (short/long-term)

Answer 1

Hydrophilic / Polar

Lipid bilayer

Rapid/short-term

Question 2

Receptors-protein kinases are (hydrophobic/hydrophilic) and (nonpolar/polar)

Location of receptor protein (lipid bilayer/nucleus)

Cell response (rapid/slow) (short/long-term)

Answer 2

Hydrophilic / Polar

Lipid bilayer

Rapid/short-term

Question 3

Ligand-gated ion channels are (hydrophobic/hydrophilic) and (nonpolar/polar)

Location of receptor protein (lipid bilayer/nucleus)

Cell response (rapid/slow) (short/long-term)

Answer 3

Hydrophilic / Polar

Lipid bilayer

Rapid/short-term

Question 4

Hydrophobic receptor proteins are (hydrophobic/hydrophilic) and (nonpolar/polar)

Location of receptor protein (lipid bilayer/nucleus)

Cell response (rapid/slow) (short/long-term)

Answer 4

Hydrophobic/Nonpolar

Nucleus/cytoplasm

Slow/long-term

Question 5

Hydrophilic molecules are (small/large) with receptors on the (outside/inside) of the cell

Answer 5

Large
Outside

Question 6

Hydrophobic molecules are (small/large) with receptors on the (outside/inside) of the cell

Answer 6

Small
Inside

Question 7

Signal Communication Process: (4)

Answer 7

Stimulus, Signal Sent, Signal Received, Response

Question 8

Signaling Molecules form ______ bonds because it is easy to _____

Answer 8

Noncovalent
Unbind

Question 9

Paracrine signaling
Example:
Advantage:
Disadvantage:

Answer 9

communication between two nearby cells
Nerve cells
Faster
Short distances

Question 10

Autocrine Signaling
Example:
Advantage:
Disadvantage:

Answer 10

a cell sends ligands to bind to itself
Quorum Sensing
Specific cell functions
Needs energy

Question 11

Endocrine Signaling
Example:
Advantage:
Disadvantage:

Answer 11

communication between far off cells
adrenaline
Reaches far
Slower

Question 12

Positive Feedback
Response moves organism (towards/away from) set point
Example:

Answer 12

Changes setpoint
Away
Childbirth

Question 13

Negative Feedback
Response moves organism (towards/away from) set point
Example:

Answer 13

Maintains a setpoint
Towards
Cold–> hot

Question 14

Plant Cells use ________ to traffic molecules and the ________ becomes _____

Answer 14

Plasmodesmata
Plasmodesmata
One

Question 15

Animal Cells use _______ to traffic molecules and the _________ connect

Answer 15

Gap junctions
Proteins

Question 16

Both plant and animal cells ______ for signal ______ of signal molecules and provide a (fast/slow) pass of signals

Answer 16

connect
transduction
fast

Question 17

Cyclins

Answer 17

Proteins that differ in their abundance during the cell cycle

Question 18

_______ enzymes are in constant concentrations throughout the cell cycle

Answer 18

Kinases

Question 19

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)

Answer 19

Kinase enzymes activate by binding to the cyclin partner and transferring phosphate group to target proteins

Question 20

Cyclin-Kinase Process (2)

Answer 20

Cyclins bind to activate cyclin-dependent kinases

Cyclin-CDK complex phosphorylates target proteins to promote cell division

Question 21

Cancer

Answer 21

unregulated cell division resulting in tumors and disease

Question 22

p53

Answer 22

protein found in the nucleus that stops cells for repair

Question 23

Apoptosis

Answer 23

Enzymes shrink cell
DNA is fragmented
Remnants are removed by immune system

Question 24

Prokaryotic chromosomes are
(size, shape, amount, where)

Answer 24

Small, circular, single, inside cell membrane

Question 25

Eukaryotic chromosomes (size, shape, amount, where)

Answer 25

large, linear, one or more, inside nucleus

Question 26

Mitosis

Answer 26

produces two nuclei

Question 27

Cytokinesis

Answer 27

cytosol-organelles and nucleus divide into 2 daughter cells

Question 28

Chromosomes

Answer 28

contains genetic material (1 DNA and proteins)

Question 29

Steps of binary fission

Answer 29

Circular DNA attaches to cell membrane DNA is copied cell elongates and separates New cell membrane/cell wall are synthesize

Question 30

Chromatin

Answer 30

Inside eukaryotic nucleus --> assemblage of DNA, RNA, and proteins

Question 31

Mitotic Spindle

Answer 31

Structure in cytosol made of microtubules that pull chromosome into daughter cells

Question 32

Kinetochore

Answer 32

Protein complex on a chromatid where the mitotic spindle attaches

Question 33

Agonist

Answer 33

any ligand that binds to a receptor and causes a response

Question 34

Antagonist

Answer 34

any ligand that binds to a receptor and prevents a response

Question 35

Examples of negative feedback

Answer 35

Maintenance of warm body temperature Regulation of glucose blood levels

Question 36

Examples of positive feedback

Answer 36

Childbirth Fruit ripening

Question 37

Prokaryotic cells divide by _________ and reproduce ______

Answer 37

Binary fission/asexually

Question 38

Eukaryotic SINGLE celled organisms divide by ______and reproduce________

Answer 38

Mitotic diffusion/asexually

Question 39

Eukaryotic multi-celled organisms divide by _________and divide FOR _____ and _______

Answer 39

Mitotic diffusion/growth and repair

Question 40

Normally, proto-oncogenes _________ cell division

Answer 40

regulate cell division

Question 41

Proto-oncogenes require (1/2 allele/s) to mutate into oncogenes and are (dominant/submissive) The result is a (loss/gain) in function

Answer 41

1 allele Dominant Gain

Question 42

Tumor suppressor genes require (1/2 allele/s) to mutate and are (dominant/submissive) The result is a (loss/gain) in function

Answer 42

2 alleles submissive loss

Question 43

Somatic cells

Answer 43

cells not involved with sexual reproduction

Question 44

Anchorage dependence

Answer 44

when cells need to be attached to a surface in order to divide

Question 45

Cancer cells (are/are not) regulated by density dependent inhibition

Answer 45

are not

Question 46

Density dependent inhibition

Answer 46

when cells become to dense, they will stop dividing