Unit 4 & half of 5 Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
The longest portion of the small intestine is the
A
ileum
2
Q
The release of water, acids, enzymes, and buffers by the digestive epithelium is called ________.
A
secretion
3
Q
Most of the carbon dioxide transported by the blood (approximately 70%) is
A
ultimately transported as bicarbonate ions in the plasma
4
Q
A chamber shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the
A
pharynx (throat)
5
Q
Functions of the large intestine include
A
reabsorption of water and compaction of feces
6
Q
Which of the following is the most abundant gas in the air?
A
nitrogen (N2)
7
Q
residual volume is
A
the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a max expiratory effort
8
Q
The adjustment of respiratory rate due to blood pressure rising and falling results from the stimulation or inhibition of the respiratory centers by sensory fibers in which cranial nerve(s)?
A
glossopharyngeal (IX) and vagus nerve (X)
9
Q
Respiration is controlled by the medulla oblongata and
A
pons
10
Q
The volume of air that can be forcefully inhaled over and above tidal volume is called
A
inspiratory reserve volume
11
Q
The largest area of the stomach is called the
A
body
12
Q
The fusion of the common hepatic duct with the cystic duct forms the
A
common bile duct
13
Q
Surfactant
A
plays a key role in keeping alveoli open
14
Q
Dalton’s Law states:
A
the total pressure is equal to the sum of the individual partial pressures
15
Q
The ends of each tracheal cartilage are connected by an elastic ligament and the
A
trachealis muscle
16
Q
The oropharynx is located behind the buccal cavity t or f
A
true
17
Q
the phrenic nerve
A
is the major nerve for respiration
18
Q
Pulmonary ventilation refers to
A
the movement of air in and out of the lungs
19
Q
Together, the inflation and deflation reflexes are known as the ________ reflexes.
red herring
Hering-Breuer
Breuer-Shipley
chemoreceptor
vagal
A
Hering-Breuer
20
Q
Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the
upper (conducting) portion of the respiratory tract.
lower (respiratory) portion of the respiratory tract.
lungs.
alveoli.
bronchioles.
A
upper (conducting) portion of the respiratory tract.
21
Q
The pancreatic duct penetrates the duodenal wall with the
cystic duct
hepatic portal vein
common hepatic duct
common hepatic artery
common bile duct
A
common bile duct
22
Q
In the duodenum, submucosal glands secrete which of the following?
gastrin
an alkaline mucus
pepsin
secretin
cholecystokinin
A
alkaline mucus
23
Q
Which of the following digestive structures is retroperitoneal?
leum
pancreas
stomach
gallbladder
liver
A
pancreas
24
Q
The muscularis external layer contains nerves referred to as the
muscularis nerves.
submucosal plexus.
enteric nerves.
myenteric plexus.
circular plexus.
A
myenteric plexus
25
The basic functional units of the liver are the
lobules
26
The right bronchus is shorter, wider, and more nearly vertical than the left bronchus.
T or F
true
27
The intestinal lining bears a series of transverse folds called
circular folds
28
The lungs extend to a point slightly above the clavicle.
True of False
true
29
The term ________ refers to an increase in the PCO2 of arterial blood.
hypercapnia
30
Major regions of the large intestine include the
cecum, colon, rectum
31
Lacteals are found in the __
liver lobules
stomach rugae
pancreatic islets
esophageal adventitia
small intestinal villi
small intestine villi
32
Sympathetic activation leads to
relaxation in skeletal muscle of bronchioles, causing bronchodilation.
contraction of smooth muscles of bronchioles, causing bronchoconstriction.
relaxation in smooth muscles of bronchioles, causing bronchodilation.
relaxation of smooth muscles of bronchioles, resulting in bronchoconstriction.
contraction of smooth muscles of bronchioles, causing bronchodilation.
relaxation of smooth muscle of bronchioles causing bronchodilation
33
the trachea:
is lined by dense regular connective tissue.
is reinforced with C-shaped cartilages.
contains the vocal cords.
always maintains the same diameter.
ends distally at the level of the diaphragm.
is reinforced with c-shaped cartilages
34
How many pieces of cartilage make up the larynx
6
3
11
9
9
35
Rugae are
mucosal ridges in stomach
36
The amount of air that can be taken in over and above the tidal volume is the
vital capacity
residual volume
expiratory reserve volume
inspiratory reserve volume
minimal volume
inspiratory reserve volume
37
Increase in pCO2 shifts the oxygen dissociation curve to the right
t or f
true
38
Damage to the septal cells of the lungs would most likely result in
a thickening of the respiratory membrane.
an increased rate of gas exchange.
alveolar rupture.
reduction in surfactant production.
decreased surface tension in the alveoli.
reduction in surfactant production
39
A decrease in intrathoracic pressure from -2.5 mm Hg to about -6 mm Hg.
results in expansion of lungs
establishes a pressure gradient from alveoli to atmosphere
results from a relaxation of the diaphragm
results in expiration
is caused by relaxation of chest elevating muscles
results in expansion of lungs
40
Bile is produced in the
liver
41
The most inferiorly placed cartilage of the larynx is the cricoid.
t or f
true
42
Most nutrient absorption takes place in the
small intestine
43
Atmospheric pressure at sea level can be summarized as follows:
760mmHg
14mmHg
569 mmHg
380mmHg
100mmHg
760
44
Which of the following is the primary digestive organ involved in regulating the composition of circulating blood?
liver
pancreas
small intestine
large intestin
stomach
liver
45
increase in intrapulmonic pressure from about -2.5 mm Hg to +4 mm Hg:
results in expansion of lungs
results in inspiration
establishes a pressure gradient from alveoli to atmosphere
is caused by contraction of external intercostals
1 and 3
establishes a pressure gradient from alveoli to atmosphere
46
Which structures of liver lobules ultimately merge to form the hepatic veins
central veins
portal veins
capillary beds
hepatic arteries
hepatic ducts
central veins
47
The human liver is typically composed of ________ lobe(s)
1
2
3
4
5
6
4
48
At the alveoli:
bicarbonate diffuses out of the red cell
chloride shifts into the red cell
chloride shifts out of the red cell into the plasma
the red cell gets rid of O2
1 and 3
chloride shifts out of the red cell into the plasma
49
Airways that supply one lobe of a lung are called
tertiary bronchi
secondary bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli
primary bronchi
secondary bronchi
50
Which of the following forms much of the anterior and lateral surfaces of the larynx, and often contains an "Adam's apple"?
arytenoid cartilage
thyroid cartilage
cuneiform cartilage
corniculate cartilage
cricoid cartilage
thyroid cartilage
51
Parietal cells secrete intrinsic factor and
pepsin
gastrin
hydrochloric acid
insulin
hydrochloric acid
52
Which of the following has the lowest partial pressure in inhaled dry air
oxygen
nitrogen
carbon dioxide
mercury
water vapor
co2
53
The amount of oxygen bound (or released) by hemoglobin depends primarily on which of the following:
PCO2 of its surroundings
PN2 of its surroundings
the carbonic anhydrase available
PO2 of its surroundings
the effect of the chloride shift
PO2 of its surroundings
54
Expansion of the lungs results in an increase in intrapulmonic pressure.
t or f
false
55
The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are
capillary beds
alveoli
bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveoli
56
Which major layer of the stomach contains an extra layer that adds strength and assists in the formation of chyme?
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
adventitia
serosa
muscularis externa
57
Normal interstitial fluid has a PO2 of 40 mm Hg and PCO2 of 45 mm Hg. As a result
both oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse into the capillaries.
both oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse out of the capillaries.
no diffusion occurs.
oxygen diffuses out of the capillaries and carbon dioxide diffuses in.
oxygen diffuses into the capillaries and carbon dioxide diffuses out.
oxygen diffuses out of the capillaries and carbon dioxide diffuses in.
58
The lining of the trachea is
simple squamous epithelium.
ciliated cuboidal epithelium.
ciliated columnar epithelium.
transitional epithelium.
connective tissue.
ciliated columnar epithelium
59
The esophagus connects to the smallest part of the stomach, known as the
pylorus
cardia
body
fundus
antrum
cardia
60
During exercise, the Bohr effect (+)is demonstrated by
decrease in pH of blood
increase in pCO2
increase in temperature
2 and 3
all of the above
all of the above
61
Which of the following gases has the highest partial pressure in saturated alveolar air
nitrogen
62
Plicae and intestinal villi
increase the absorptive surface area of the small intestine.
carry products of digestion that will not pass through the walls of blood capillaries.
produce new cells for the mucosa of the small intestine.
secrete digestive enzymes.
produce hormones.
increase the absorptive surface area of the small intestine
63
The taeniae coli are
external pouches of the colon.
three longitudinal bands of smooth muscle located beneath the serosa of the colon.
ridges in the mucosa of the colon.
polyps that obstruct the sigmoid colon.
tumors that are found in the ascending colon.
three longitudinal bands of smooth muscle located beneath the serosa of the colon.
64
drug that would block the action of carbonic anhydrase would:
decrease the amount of bicarbonate in the blood
cause a decrease in the blood pH
block oxygen binding
1 and 2
1 and 3
decrease the amount of bicarbonate in the blood
65
Levels of which of the following are responsible for regulating respiratory activities under normal conditions?
oxygen
carbon dioxide
bicarbonate ion
sodium ion
hemoglobin
co2
66
Hydrochloric acid keeps the stomach contents at a pH of
6.5 - 8.0
1.5 - 2.0
4.5 - 6.0
7.0
3.5 - 5.0
1.5-2.0
67
Chief cells secrete
pepsinogen.
gastrin.
mucus.
hydrochloric acid.
intrinsic factor.
pepsinogen
68
Lung volumes in females are approximately percentless than those of males
40%
20%
10%
80%
50%
20%
69
The Hering Bruer reflex prevents underinflation of the lungs
t or f
false
70
Near the spleen, the colon turns and becomes the
ascending colon.
transverse colon.
descending colon.
sigmoid colon.
rectum.
descending colon
71
The following is a list of some of the structures of the respiratory tree:
1 - secondary bronchi
2 - tertiary bronchi
3 - bronchioles
4 - primary bronchi
The order in which air passes through these structures beginning at the trachea is
4123
72
The space between the cheeks or lips and the teeth is called the
vestibule
73
The enzyme carbonic anhydrase causes what to occur in RBCs?
carbon dioxide to be converted to carbonic acid
carbon dioxide to be converted to water
water to be converted to oxygen and carbon dioxide
water to react with hydrogen ions
carbonic acid to be converted to hemoglobin
carbon dioxide to be converted to carbonic acid
74
At the tissues:
bicarbonate diffuses into the red cell
chloride shifts out of the red cell
the red cell unloads CO2
bicarbonate diffuses out of the red cell
the red cell picks up oxygen
bicarbonate diffuses out of the red cell
75
if 20% of the air is composed of O2, the partial pressure of oxygen at sea level where atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg is
20 mm Hg.
760 mm Hg.
70 mm Hg.
350 mm Hg.
152 mm Hg.
152mmHg
76
The portion of the small intestine that performs the bulk of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption is the
jejunum
77
About how much of the oxygen content of arterial blood consists of oxygen molecules in solution
40%
20%
1.5%
5%
20%
78
Which statement regarding carbon dioxide transport in the blood is true
The chloride shift occurs when Cl- moves out of RBCs in exchange for HCO3-.
HCO3- dissociates into CO2 and O2.
25% is converted to H2CO3 by carbonic anhydrase.
H2CO3 dissociates into H+ and HCO3-.
93% remains dissolved in plasma as CO2.
H2CO3 dissociates into H+ and HCO3-.
79
in this procedure, an incision is made through the anterior tracheal wall and a tube is inserted.
tracheostomy
tracheotomy
bronchoscopy
laryngotomy
None of these is correct.
tracheostomy
80
The atmospheric PO2 is approximately
25 mmHg.
120 mmHg.
160 mmHg.
220 mmHg.
the same as for nitrogen.
160mmHg
81
Stagnant hypoxia:
is a reduction in oxygen carrying capacity of the blood
results from the slow rate of circulation
oxygen present but cannot be used by the cell
decreased oxygen saturation of the blood
is caused by cyanide
results from the slow rate of circulation
82
Receptors in the medulla oblongata respond to which variables?
pH and PCO2 in CSF
pH and PCO2 in blood
PO2 and pH in blood
pH and PO2 in CSF
pH and PN2 in CSF
pH and PCO2 in CSF
83
Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen released by hemoglobin from the bloodstream?
decreased temperature and decreased pH
decreased pH and increased temperature
increased tissue PO2 and increased pH
decreased tissue PO2 and increased pH
decreased temperature and increased pH
decreased pH and increased temp
84
The IX cranial nerve carries chemical (sensory) information from the carotid sinus to the medulla.
tru
false
false?
85
The force that causes air to move into the lungs during inspiration is supplied by
the pterygoids.
the abdominal muscles.
internal intercostal muscles.
atmospheric pressure.
the digastric muscles.
atmospheric pressure
86
________ are arranged within a lobule of the liver into a series of irregular, one-cell-thick plates radiating outward.
hepatocytes
87
The portion of the small intestine that is closest to the stomach is the
ileum.
colon.
cecum.
jejunum.
duodenum.
duodenum
88
The function of the nasal conchae is to
divide the nasal cavity into a right and a left side.
provide an opening into the pharynx.
provide a surface for the sense of smell.
create turbulence in the air to trap small particulates in mucus.
provide an opening to the outside of the body.
create turbulence in the air to trap small particulates in mucus.
89
The walls of the alveoli are lined by
stratified cuboidal epithelium.
pseudostratified epithelium.
simple squamous epithelium.
loose connective tissue.
hyaline cartilage.
simple squamous
90
The portion of the stomach superior to the cardia is the
fundus
91
The lungs are divided into ________ that are separated by deep fissures.
lobules
alveoli
bronchi
bronchioles
lobes
lobes
92
appendix.
sigmoid colon.
rectum.
haustra.
cecum.
cecum
93
The oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and anus are lined by
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
cuboidal epithelium.
stratified squamous epithelium.
simple epithelium.
simple columnar epithelium.
stratified squamous
94
Chemoreceptors are located in the carotid body. t or f
true
95
The volume of air moved into or out of the lungs during a single resting respiratory cycle is known as ________.
residual volume
vital capacity
tidal volume
inspiratory reserve volume
expiratory reserve volume
tidal volume
96
In quiet breathing,
inspiration and expiration involve muscular contractions.
inspiration is passive and expiration involves muscular contractions.
inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive.
inspiration and expiration are both passive processes.
only the diaphragm is active during inhalation.
inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive.
97
Which of the following is defined as the maximum amount of air that can be moved into and out of the respiratory system in a single respiratory cycle?
vital capacity
inspiratory reserve volume
tidal volume
expiratory reserve volume
residual volume
vital capacity
98
The glottis is
the inferior margin of the soft palate.
a flap of elastic cartilage.
the passage from the pharynx to the larynx.
the opening to the pharynx.
part of the hard palate.
the passage from the pharynx to the larynx.
99
The respiratory mucosa is made up of ________.
dense irregular connective tissue
squamous epithelium
ciliated cuboidal epithelium
ciliated columnar epithelium
dense regular connective tissue
ciliated columnar epithelium
100
Which is defined as the amount of air that remains in the lungs after a maximum exhalation?
minimal volume
inspiratory reserve volume
vital capacity
expiratory reserve volume
residual volume
residual volume
101
An increase in the PCO2 of arterial blood may result in respiratory centers acting to
decrease the rate of breathing.
increase the rate of breathing.
decrease pulmonary ventilation.
decrease the alveolar ventilation rate.
decrease the vital capacity.
inc the rate of breathing
102
Systemic venous PO2 is ________ alveolar PO2, and systemic venous PCO2 is ________ alveolar PCOb.
greater than, greater than.
greater than, less than.
less than, greater than.
less than, less than.
equal to, equal to.
less than, greater than
103
The vagus nerve:
carries sensory information from the carotid body
is the major nerve of respiration
carries sensory information from the aortic arch
innervates the bronchioles
3 and 4
3 and 4
104
The layer of serous membrane that covers the surface of the lungs is the
visceral pleura
105
The nasal cavity opens into the nasopharynx at the
internal nares.
external nares.
vestibules.
turbinates.
palates.
internal nares
106
Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion?
stomach
liver
spleen
colon
esophagus
liver
