Unit 4: Learning

Question 1

Associative learning

Answer 1

learning that certain events occur together. The events may be too stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning)

Question 2

cognitive learning:

Answer 2

The acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language

Question 3

Classical conditioning

Answer 3

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

Question 4

Who is the founder of classical conditioning?

Answer 4

Ivan Pavlov

Question 5

Who is the founder of Behaviorism?

Answer 5

John B Watson

Question 6

Behaviorisms

Answer 6

The view that psychology
1) should be an objective science that 2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes

Question 7

neutral stimulus

Answer 7

a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

Question 8

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 8

a stimulus that unconditionally-neutral and automatically-triggers a response

Question 9

Unconditioned response

Answer 9

an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salvation) to an unconditioned stimulus (such as good in the mouth)

Question 10

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 10

an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

Question 11

Conditioned response

Answer 11

a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus

Question 12

Acquisition

Answer 12

the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus triggers a conditioned response

Question 13

Higher-Order conditioning

Answer 13

conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is aired with a neutral stimulus making a second weaker conditioned stimulus

Question 14

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 14

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

Question 15

stimulus generalization

Answer 15

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar response

Question 16

stimulus discrimination

Answer 16

the learned ability to distinguished between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned response

Question 17

Operant conditioning

Answer 17

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

Question 18

Law of effect

Answer 18

Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Question 19

Operant Chamber/Skinner Box

Answer 19

a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animals rate of bar pressing or key picking

Question 20

reinforcement

Answer 20

any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

Question 21

Shaping

Answer 21

procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

Question 22

Discrimination stimulus

Answer 22

a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in context to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)

Question 23

Positive reinforcement

Answer 23

adding a desirable stimulus to strengthen a behavior

Question 24

Negative reinforcement

Answer 24

removing an aversive stimulus to strengthen a behavior

Question 25

Primary reinforcer

Answer 25

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

Question 26

Conditioned reinforcer

Answer 26

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer

Question 27

Fixed Ratio

Answer 27

reinforcement occurs after every nth behavior, such as by 10 coffees, get 1 free, or pay per product unit produced - every so many

Question 28

Fixed Interval

Answer 28

reinforcement for behavior occurs after a fixed time, such as yearly salary promotions - every so often

Question 29

Variable Ratio

Answer 29

reinforcement occurs after a random number of behaviors, as when playing slot machines - after an unpredictable number

Question 30

Variable interval

Answer 30

reinforcement for behavior after a random amount of time, as in checking for a Facebook response - unpredictably often

Question 31

Reinforcement schedule

Answer 31

a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

Question 32

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 32

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

Question 33

Partial (intermittent) reinforcement

Answer 33

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response by much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

Question 34

Positive punishment

Answer 34

adding an aversive stimulus

Question 35

Negative punishment

Answer 35

removing a rewarding stimulus

Question 36

Respondent behavior

Answer 36

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

Question 37

Latent learning (Edward Thorndike)

Answer 37

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Question 37

Operant behavior

Answer 37

Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

Question 38

insight

Answer 38

a sudden realization of a problem's solution

Question 39

intrinsic motivation

Answer 39

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

Question 40

extrinsic motivation

Answer 40

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

Question 41

coping

Answer 41

alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods

Question 42

problem-focused coping

Answer 42

attempting to alleviate stress directly - by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor

Question 43

emotion-focused coping

Answer 43

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction

Question 44

learned helplessness

Answer 44

the helplessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

Question 45

external locus of control

Answer 45

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate

Question 46

internal locus of control

Answer 46

the perception that you control your own fate

Question 47

self-control

Answer 47

the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards

Question 48

Limits of classical conditioning

Answer 48

Biological, psychological, and socio-cultural influences.

Question 49

Limits of Operational conditioning

Answer 49

natural selection and learning (genetic predisposition)

Question 50

Taste Aversion (john Garcia)

Answer 50

conditioned tasted aversion (biologically primed associations) Ex: Nintendo game cartridges laced with bitter taste to prevent digestion of games

Question 51

Observational Learning

Answer 51

learning by observing others

Question 52

modeling

Answer 52

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Question 53

Albert Bandura Bobo doll experiment

Answer 53

children acted hostile towards an inflatable clown, directly imitating the actions of an adult they had recently watched.

Question 54

Mirror neurons

Answer 54

frontal lobe neurons that some scientist believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so (may enable both pain and empathy)

Question 55

Imitation

Answer 55

the action of using someone or something as a model, and re-enacting their action