Unit 4 Lec 2

Question 0

What is necessary for the eradication of an organism by vaccination?

Answer 0

Must be limited to humans (no animal reservoir)
New cases must be readily diagnosed
Few strains (no antigenic drift)
High level of international collaboration

Question 1

What are the goals of vaccination?

Answer 1

Individual immunity
Herd immunity

Eradication of organism (virus)

Question 2

What are the immunologic goals of vaccination?

Answer 2

Elicit antibody response

Elicit T cell response in addition to B cell response (provide long term mem)

Question 3

What are the routes of administration for vaccine?

Answer 3

Systemic
Mucosal
Mimic typical routes of exposure

Question 4

What is the recommended immunization for birth to 18 year olds?

Answer 4

Timing of vaccination varies with age
Some given more than once
Different types of vaccines as well

Question 5

What are some bacterial surface antigens?

Answer 5

Capsular polysacchardies
Surface proteins
Lipo-polysacharides (LPS and lipo proteins)

Question 6

What happens in genetic variation and implicationsfor vaccination?

Answer 6

Strain variation may see different surface antigens but same efficacy at disease

• Vaccine might not work against new strain
• Immune escape might occur as well (developmental resistance ot antibodies

Question 7

How do we avoid the potential problems of genetic variation affecting immunizations?

Answer 7

Multicomponent Ag vaccines will help by having the body produce antibodies against more than just one marker on the pathogen to increase efficacy

Question 8

What is purified Polysaacharides used for in vaccine?

Answer 8

Initates a T cell independent response IgM
- Early production that can bind multiple PSS units
Initiates complement activation
However children under 2 have no response because dont have marginal zone T cells yet that are most effective at this type of response to encapsulated bacteria

Question 9

How do antigen specific immunizations work?

Answer 9

Depends on epitopic density of antigen

- Low density IgG ant effectively bind C1q as only has 2 bindingi spots so the Fc receptor binding will be low as well

Question 10

What is the main issue with T cell independent responses?

Answer 10

Confined to pure polysaccharides antigens because immune cells lack a way to process and present to T cells

Would elicit only IgM response
Not Long Lasting
No MEMORY

Question 11

Why is T cell dependent response so important?

Answer 11

Most effective against intracellular organisms
Induce long term memory (helper function of CD4 T cells)

If individual is T ell immuno deficient becomes suscepitlbe to intracellular organism

Question 12

What is Waterhouse Friderickson Syndrome?

Answer 12

Fatal meningococcemia in an infant (hemorrhage into adrenal glands)

Question 13

What may happen to a asplenic patient?

Answer 13

Becomes more susceptible to certain infections

- Near fata pneumococcal infecton

Question 14

What is the role of dendritic cells in eliciting an immune response?

Answer 14

Travels to Lymph Node where it engages T cell to elicit T cell help in presentation of protein component of conjugate

• CD4 upregulates CD40L
• B ell engages CD40L on CD 4 cell (signal 2) to drive a Th2 response in the B cell that allows the production of high affinity antibodies

Question 15

What is good about conjugate vaccines?

Answer 15

Elicit a T cell dependent reponse that not only protects the individual but reduces transmission of organisms from person to person

Question 16

What is used in tetanus?

Answer 16

Toxoids

Question 17

What are live and live attenuated vaccines used for?

Answer 17

Measles, oral polio

- Do not use in patients that immune compromised

Question 18

What are inactivated (killed) vaccines used for?

Answer 18

Influenza, hep A, rabies

Question 19

What are molecular (subunit) vaccines used for?

Answer 19

Hep B, Pertussis, Tetanus

Question 20

What are some vaccines required of medical personnel?

Answer 20

Varicella zoster (live vaccine)
Hepatitis B
Influenza Virus (annual b/c of antigenic drift)

Question 21

What is the point of giving booster vaccines?

Answer 21

To elicit a memory recall to that antigen and elicity more IgG than IgM

Question 22

What is the major impact of conjugate viruses?

Answer 22

The susceptibility of neonates to encapsulated bacteria makes conjugate vaccines very valuable as they have protecteed many babies to bacterial meningitis
- Reduced incidence of bacterial meningitis (100-1000 fold)

Question 23

What does the amount of maternal IgA depend on in a neonate?

Answer 23

Depends on the time of weaning if baby bottle fed the amount of IgA is zero

IgG antibodies wear off by age 6 months
baby IgG naturally comes from exposure or vaccine

Question 24

What are some factors that affect the probablility of disease transmission?

Answer 24

``` Number of susceptible individuals Frequence of contact Duration of infectiousness Stability of agent in the environment Number of organisms required to establish infection Super SPreaders ```

Question 25

What are super spreaders?

Answer 25

High organism load Lots of unwiped secretions and coughing Lots of contact (daycare, loving gparents)

Question 26

What happens if the organisms has a higher probability of transmission?

Answer 26

Greater the percentage of population needs to be immune in order to have herd immunity

Question 27

What affects the level of herd immunity necessary to protect a population against a organism?

Answer 27

How long the person remains contagious How long the organism remains viable in environment How many organisms it takes to produce infection