Unit 4- LO1

Question 1

what is the cardiovascular system

Answer 1

the process of pumping blood around the body

Question 2

what is cardiovascular system made up of

Answer 2

heart, veins, arteries, capillaries

Question 3

importance of cardiovascular system

Answer 3

-it transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances around the body.
-removes waste products

Question 4

what is plasma

Answer 4

straw-coloured liquid that takes up 55% of the blood

Question 5

what does plasma do

Answer 5

transports dissolved substances around the body

Question 6

what are specific dissolved substances in plasma

Answer 6

hormones, antibodies, nutrients(water), amino acids, minerals and vitamins, waste substances(CO2)

Question 7

what does the plasma carry

Answer 7

platelets and red blood cells

Question 8

soluble substances in plasma

Answer 8

urea, hormones, gases(CO2), soluble products of digestion(amino acids, mineral ions, vitamins, glucose and other simple sugars

Question 9

what are erythrocytes

Answer 9

red blood cells

Question 10

what is the role of erythrocytes

Answer 10

carry oxygen to the blood

Question 11

what is haemoglobin

Answer 11

contained in red blood cells, to absorb oxygen in the lungs and releases oxygen in the rest of body

Question 12

structure of red blood cells

Answer 12

-flattened disc shape to increase surface area for diffusion to occur
-cells are tiny, allows them to pass through narrow capillaries

Question 13

what are leucocytes

Answer 13

white blood cells

Question 14

what are the three different types of leucocytes

Answer 14

lymphocytes
monocytes
neutrophils

Question 15

structure of a leucocytes

Answer 15

• changes shape to squeeze out of blood vessels
  -cytoplasm changes to engulf and destroy pathogens
• nucleus to control what the cell does

Question 16

role of leucocytes

Answer 16

-destroy viruses
-remove dead cells and bacteria
-produce antibodies

Question 17

what are thrombocytes

Answer 17

platelets

Question 18

structure of thrombocytes

Answer 18

-sticky small cells that move around body until injured
-no nucleus

Question 19

role of thrombocyte

Answer 19

join together with protein(fibrinogen) to form a clot, which stops the flow of blood out of blood vessel

Question 20

what are the blood functions

Answer 20

1. transport
2. temperature regulation
3. exchange of materials
4. blood clotting

Question 21

different transportation in the blood

Answer 21

plasma - transports dissolved substances
erythrocytes - carry oxygen
leucocytes - transported to destroy pathogens
platelets - to form clots

Question 22

how does the body regulate temperature

Answer 22

body carries out respiration to generate energy released as heat, this warms blood.
Due to the cardiovascular system it circulates all the body and distributes the energy evenly to keep the body at 37 degrees.

Question 23

what happens if the body’s temperature is too high

Answer 23

-sweat produced by sweat glands, evaporates from skin, transfers energy into environment
-vasodilation- blood vessels supplying skin dilate so more blood flows close to surface
-hair erector muscles relax and lie flat

Question 24

what happens if the body’s temperature if too low

Answer 24

• shivering , needs respiration which transfers energy to warm body
• vasoconstriction-blood vessels supplying skin capillaries constrict to close of the skins blood supply
• hairs erect, trap insulation

Question 25

define exchange

Answer 25

movement into blood and out of it

Question 26

why does the body exchange materials

Answer 26

respiring cells need oxygen and glucose for respiration so these both move out of the blood

Question 27

what materials are exchanged at the digestive system

Answer 27

glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, and glycerol move into the blood

Question 28

what materials are exchanged at the the lungs of the respiratory system

Answer 28

oxygen moves into the blood and carbon dioxide is removed

Question 29

what materials are exchanged at the kidneys

Answer 29

toxic urea leaves the blood to becomes part of the urine

Question 30

what prevents infection in the blood

Answer 30

leucocytes (white blood cells)

Question 31

how do leucocytes prevent infection

Answer 31

destroy pathogens

Question 32

how does the monocytes and neutrophils destroy pathogens

Answer 32

by engulfing them

Question 33

how does lymphocytes destroy pathogens

Answer 33

-B cells produce antibodies to neutralise them -T cells recognise viruses, latch onto cells and destroy it, including viruses

Question 34

what happens when a blood vessel is damaged

Answer 34

-platelets stick together to plug the damage -strands of protein(fibrin) form a net at the damaged site -COAGULATION- they trap red blood cells -forms a scab if it is on the outside of the body

Question 35

what does the right side of the heart pump

Answer 35

deoxygenated blood

Question 36

what does the left side of the heart pump

Answer 36

oxygenated blood

Question 37

what does the right side of the heart consist of

Answer 37

vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary arterial valve, pulmonary artery

Question 38

what does the left side of the heart consist of

Answer 38

pulmonary vein, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, semi-lunar valve, aorta, thick muscular wall

Question 39

where does the left side of the heart pump oxygen to

Answer 39

around the body

Question 40

where does the right side of the heart pump oxygen to

Answer 40

the lungs

Question 41

what is an ECG

Answer 41

electrocardiograph

Question 42

what is the role of an ECG

Answer 42

measures the electrical activity of the heart

Question 43

how does an ECG work

Answer 43

electrodes are attached to specific places on chest and limbs, this detects polarisation in heart by measuring the current at skin surface. leads are connected to a machine which draws an ECG

Question 44

How can an ECG be used as a diagnostic tool

Answer 44

help diagnose heart problems, by comparing trace against normal ECG

Question 45

what are the 3 different ECG traces

Answer 45

tachycardia bradycardia arrhythmia

Question 46

what is type of trace is tachycardia

Answer 46

faster heart rate so lots of QRS peaks in a short space of time

Question 47

what is type of trace is bradycardia

Answer 47

slower heart rate so fewer QRS peaks

Question 48

what is type of trace is arrhythmia

Answer 48

irregular heart beat so PQRST waves are different heights and at different times

Question 49

what does the control of the cardiac consist of

Answer 49

sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, purkinje fibres, bundle of his

Question 50

what is the role of the SAN

Answer 50

it is the pacemaker, so it initiates electrical impulses

Question 51

what do the electrical impulses from the SAN do

Answer 51

atrial systole- cause the atria to contract

Question 52

what is the role of the AVN

Answer 52

slows down electrical impulses and travels down the septum

Question 53

what happens at the bundle of his

Answer 53

electrical impulses travel down the purkinje fibres