UNIT 4 - LO1 Flashcards
(77 cards)
1
Q
what’s haemoglobin
A
a red protein that’s responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood
2
Q
whats the immune system
A
the organs and processes of the body that helps to defend against and provide resistance to infection
3
Q
whats the cardio vascular system
A
cardio = heart
vascular = blood
the heart pumps blood around the body, transported by the blood vessels
4
Q
whats the name for red blood cells
A
erythrocytes
5
Q
whats the name for white blood cells
A
leucocytes
6
Q
what are the different types of leucocytes
A
- lymphocytes
- neutrophils
- monocytes
7
Q
what are the two types of lymphocytes
A
- B cells
-T cells
8
Q
platelets
A
they are produces in the bone marrow and are fragments of larger cells ( disc-shaped)
9
Q
plasma
A
its the largest component of blood ( makes up about 55% of blood volume ) it is a clear-yellowish coloured liquid that carries platelets, proteins and red and white blood cells
10
Q
monocytes
A
the largest of the white blood cells
11
Q
neutrophils
A
there small and fast and are one of the first cell types to travel to the site of infection
12
Q
B-cells
A
develop in the bone marrow and have a wide range of functions within the immune system
13
Q
T-cells
A
develop in the thymus gland and have a wide range of functions within the immune system
14
Q
leucocytes
A
part of the body immune system and are immune cells that defend the body against inflection
15
Q
erythrocytes
A
made in the bone marrow ad are red because of haemoglobin ( thin disc-like shape )
16
Q
function of erythrocytes
A
- transport oxygen and carbon dioxide within the body
- the haemoglobin combines with oxygen so that the cells are able to transport more oxygen
- they have a bi-concave shape to maximise the surface area for exposure to oxygen
- there small and flexible which allows them to get into narrow blood vessels called capillaries
17
Q
function of leucocytes
A
cells that have a role In defence and immunity that detect abnormal material and destroy it
18
Q
function of lymphocytes (B cells)
A
produce antibodies to destroy antigens such as bacteria, viruses and toxins
19
Q
function of neutrophils
A
- protect the body against bacteria infection
- they are highly mobile and are attracted to any area of Infection by the chemicals that are produced damaged cells
20
Q
function of monocytes
A
- there part of the immune system and are originally formed in the home marrow and then released into the blood and tissue
- when certain germs enter the body they quickly rush to the site for attack
21
Q
function of platelets
A
help to form blood clots by clumping together to slow or stop bleeding and to help wounds to heal
22
Q
function of plasma
A
- liquid in which the blood cells are suspended
- it provides a means of transport for many things including glucose, amino acids and oxygen
- also carries proteins including fibrinogen which helps with blood clotting
-helps with temperature regulation of the body ( blood removes heat from tissues such as muscles and circulates it around the body )
23
Q
function of lymphocytes (T cells )
A
destroy the body own cells that have been taken over by viruses or that have become cancerous
24
Q
what is the heart made of
A
specialised cardiac muscle that doesn’t tire like other muscles around the body
25
what are the four chambers of the heart
- right atrium
- left atrium
- right ventricle
- left ventricle
26
what side of the heart has a thicker muscular wall and why
the left ventricle as it has to pump blood from the heart to the rest of the body whereas the right side only sumos blood from the heart to the lungs
27
the structure of the heart
deoxygenated blood from the body enters the heart through the vena cava ( superior and inferior ) ~ right atrium ~ right ventricle ~ the deoxygenated blood then leaves the heart and goes to the lungs via the pulmonary artery ~ the now oxygenated blood leaves the lungs and enters back into the heart through the pulmonary vein ~ left atrium ~ left ventricle ~ the oxygenated blood then leaves the heart through the aorta and is taken around the body
28
were is the tricuspid valve
at the entrance of the right ventricle which allows blood to flow in from the right atrium
29
were is the bicuspid valve ( mitral valve )
at the entrance of the left ventricle which allows blood to flow in from the left atrium
30
were is the pulmonary valve
at the entrance of the pulmonary artery to prevent back flow into the right ventricle
31
were is the artic valve
at the entrance of the aorta to prevent back flow into the left ventricle
32
what is the heart often referred to as and why
a double pump, as it pumps blood through two separate circulatory systems ( the pulmonary and the systemic circulation )
33
pulmonary circulation
consists of the right side of the heart receiving deoxygenated blood from the body and then pumping it to the lungs
34
systemic circulation
consists of the left side of the heart receiving oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumping it to the rest of the body
35
deoxygenated blood
blood that has little or no oxygen, but does contain carbon dioxide
36
what is a healthy bpm for an adult
60 to 80 bpm
37
what is a cardiac cycle
this happens during each heartbeat were the heart contracts ( systole ) and then relaxes ( diastole )
38
stages of the cardiac cycle
- atrial systole, contraction of the right and left atria
- ventricular systole, contraction of the ventricles
- complete cardiac diastole, relaxation of the atria and ventricles
39
sinoatrial node ( SA )
- sits in the upper wall of the right atrium
- also known as the pacemaker as it is responsible for setting the rhythm of the heart
- ensures that both atria contract simultaneously
40
atrioventricular node ( AV )
- sits at the bottom of the right atrium
- responsible for delaying the electrical impulses it receives from the SA node, this delay allows time for the blood to empty out of the atria and into the ventricles
41
purkyne fibres ( purkinje )
these are very fine, specialised cardiac muscle fibres that rapidly transmit impulses from the AV node to the ventricles
42
what does an ECG trace show
the spread of the electrical signal generated by the SA node as it travels through the atria, the AV node and the ventricles
43
what waves are there in an ECG trace
- P
- Q
- R
- S
- T
44
how do the waves in an ECG trace show the electrical activity in the heart
P wave = atrial contraction
QRS complex = ventricular contraction ( systole )
T wave = ventricles relaxing ( diastole )
45
what does an ECG trace indicate
which part of the heartbeat is problematic
46
what are the three types of blood vessel
- capillaries
- arteries
- veins
47
what sequence does blood move around the b body in
heart ~ arteries ~ capillaries ~ veins ~ heart
48
arteries
- carry blood away from heart
- have thick, elastic and muscular walls
- carry oxygenated blood
- blood flows quickly under high pressure
- don't have valves except at the start of the pulmonary artery in the heart
- have a small internal diameter
49
veins
- have a large internal diameter
- have thinner walls than arteries and have little muscle
- blood flows slowly under low pressure
- have valves throughout
- carry deoxygenated blood back to the lungs ( towards the heart )
50
capillaries
- smallest blood vessel
- walls are made up of one singular layer of cells
51
what is the function of capillary walls
they are thin to allow the exchange of water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and waste between blood and the surrounding tissue
52
what does the lymphatic system consist of
- lymph
- lymph vessels
- lymph nodes
- lymph organs ( spleen and thymus )
- bone marrow
53
whats the role of the lymphatic system
- its a drainage and filtration system
- removes excess fluid from body tissue
- produces white blood cells, which in turn produce antibodies
- absorbs fatty acids and transports fat into the bloodstream to be absorbed in the small intestine
54
hydrostatic pressure
the pressure from heart contractions that force water and dissolved substances in blood plasma out through capillary walls into surrounding tissues, forming tissue fluid
55
blood plasma
- clear straw coloured liquid component of blood
- contains plasma proteins which have roles in blood clotting and supporting the immune system
- controls the water content of the body, avoiding too much water entering or leaving the cells ( osmotic regulation )
56
tissue fluid ( interstitial fluid )
- fluid between body cells
- carries nutrients and oxygen to tissue cells
- formed from filtering of blood from capillaries due to hydrostatic pressure
57
lymph
- is filtered watery fluid drained by the lymphatic system
- formed from plasma
- contains white blood cells
- involved in the removal pf waste and infectouse organisms from tissue
58
oedema
a build up of fluid in the body that causes the affected tissue to become swollen. he swelling can occur in one particular part of the body or may be more general depending on the cause
59
blood clotting ( coagulation )
prevents excess bleeding when a blood vessel is injured. platelets and proteins in the plasma work together to stop the bleeding by forming a clot over the injury
60
types of blood proteins ( plasma proteins )
- albumins
- globulins
- fibrinogen
61
albumins
type of plasma protein that contribute to the thickness of palm and to osmotic pressure. this pressure helps to retain fluid within the blood vessels.
62
what happens if plasma protein levels fall
then the osmotic pressure also falls and fluid leaking from the blood stream can accumulate in the tissues and cause a condition called oedema
63
globulins ( immunoglobulins )
are protective proteins that are essential for the body's immune response and are made by the lymphocytes
64
fibrinogen
had a role in blood clotting
65
whats hypertension
high blood pressure
66
what are the symptoms and effects of hypertension
- if blood pressure is 140/90mmHg or higher
- rarely has noticeable symptoms
- high blood pressure damages the blood vessels
67
how is blood pressure recorded
- recorded with two numbers
- there's the systolic pressure ( higher number ) which is the force at which the heart pumps blood around the body
- theres also the diastolic pressure ( lower number ) which is the resistance to the blood flow in the blood vessels
68
causes of high blood pressure
- age ( the risk increases with age
- family history
- high salt intake
- lack of exercise
- being overweight or obese
- smoking and regular/high alcohol intake
- kidney disease
- diabetes
- hormone problems
69
how is high blood pressure monitored
it should be monitored regularly by using a blood pressure machine that takes readings which should be recorded and tracked
70
treatment for high blood pressure
- changes to diet
- regular exeresize
- reduce alcohol intake
- stop smoking
- get enough sleep
- reduce stress
- medications like ACE inhibitors which lower blood pressure or beta blockers which slow the heart rate
71
impacts of having high blood pressure
can lead to an increased risk of coronary heart disease, strokes and kidney disease
72
symptoms and effects of coronary heart disease ( CHD )
- angina ( chest pain, breathlessness, nausea and dizziness )
- heart attack ( this happens if the arteries become completely blocked )
73
causes of CHD
- a build up of fatty deposits on the walls of the arteries around the heart ( happens due to lifestyle factors such as smoking, obesity and high cholesterol )
- age
- genes
- gender
74
how is CHD monitored
- blood tests can be done to check the levels of certain fats, cholesterol, sugar and proteins in the blood
- an elctrocardiogram ( ECG ) measures the electrical activity of the heart and can show any damage to the heart muscles or signs of CHD
75
treatment for CHD
- can't be cured but treatment can help to manage symptoms and reduce the chances of problems like heart attacks
- lifestyle changes
- medication
surgery
76
medications for CHD
- nitrates which relax the coronary arteries and allow more blood to reach the heart
- cholesterol lowering medication like statins
- ACE inhibitors which lower blood pressure wand are used if someone has a heart attack
77
surgical procedures for CHD
an angioplasty passes a tiny deflated ballon into the narrow coronary arterys to improve the flow of blood to the heart
