Unit 4 Material Flashcards
(193 cards)
1
Q
Antigen capture
A
-Determines if patient has antigen for a pathogen
- Antibody is used to coat wells
-A second antibody will bind the captured antigen.
-Enzyme activity produces colored product
2
Q
Antibody capture
A
-Determines if the patient has antibodies. Doesn’t mean that they are currently sick, could just be memory B cells
-Presence of bound antibodies is detected using an anti-human antibody with conjugated enzyme
3
Q
Rapid diagnostic test
A
-Antigen capture, portable version
-Control lets you know antibodies are actually there
4
Q
CD8
A
-Cytotoxic T cells
-Looking for viral infected cells, induce apoptosis
5
Q
CD4
A
Helper T cells, not cytotoxic
6
Q
Helper 1 (TH1)
A
-When macrophages can’t break down all bacteria, TH1 can come and help macrophages and increase their reactive oxidative.
-Turn up the dial
7
Q
Helper 2 (TH2)
A
-Help activate B cells
-B cells can start raising antibodies specific to antigens. Inducing B cell to turn into plasma cell
8
Q
TH17
A
-Increase inflammatory response in tissues.
-Secrete interlouanes, special type of cytokines
9
Q
TFH
A
-Induces class switching in B cells
-Give molecular switches to help switch immunoglobulin class (IgM to IgG).
10
Q
MHC 1
A
-Bound by TCR and CD8
-Show antigen to the T cell from the inside (in cytosolic compartment)
11
Q
TReg
A
-Autoimmune disorders
-Turns down CD8 response
12
Q
MHC
A
-Two pieces of proteins come together to form a sandwich. In between is the antigen binding site
-Presents antigen to T cells
13
Q
MHC 2
A
-Bound by TCR and CD4
-Dendritic cells and professional cells have MHC 1 and 2
-Present pathogens from the outside of the cells
14
Q
T cells are activated…
A
-Requires T cell receptor (TCR) aggregation with peptide-MHC complexes
15
Q
CD8 secrete…
A
Cytotoxic T cells
16
Q
Immune tolerance
A
-Self reactive lymphocytes are normally deleted during development, or they are made non-responsive
-Negative selection
17
Q
Clonal deletion
A
-Get B cell out of the pool because it is too reactive to self-antigen
-Highly reactive
18
Q
Type A blood
A
-Anti-b antibodies
19
Q
Type B blood
A
-Anti-a antibodies
20
Q
AB blood
A
-No antibodies
-Universal receptors
21
Q
O Blood
A
-Anti-a and anti-b
-Universal donor
22
Q
RH Factor
A
-Another antigen produced on red blood cells
-Pregnancy
-Development of anti-Rh antibodies in mother can damage Rh+ fetus
23
Q
Inflammation at site of infection…
A
-Immune response
-Local event
-Cytokines/immune mediators
24
Q
Septic shock
A
-Bacteria reproducing in the bloodstream
-System-wide infection with bacteria can lead to systemic inflammatory response
25
Anaphylaxis
-Systemic release of allergic mediators
-Increases blood vessel permeability, decreases blood volume, and constricts airway
26
Mast cells
-Innate immune response
-Mucosal and connective tissue
27
Penicillin allergy
-Modifies proteins on red blood cells
-Creates weird antigens and are perceived as non-self
28
Type 1 pili
-Fixed on bacterial surface
-FimH protein and helps bind mannose on intestinal epithelial
29
PapG pili
-Type 1
-Bind diglacaose residues on urinary tract epithelium
30
Type IV pili
-Extend and retract
-Retraction pulls the bacteria close to the host cell membrane
-Not just sticking
31
Non-pili adhesions
-Surface protein fibers that mediate attachment to host cells
-Bind to proteins used for cell-to-cell attachment
32
Biofilms
-Non-specific adherence
-Extracellular polysaccharide
-Protection from immune response and prevent phagocytosis
33
Enterotoxin
-Toxin that acts on intestinal cells
34
Cholera toxin
-Enterotoxin
-Disrupts ion concentration in cells
-Chloride
35
Exotoxin
-Actively secrete toxins into environment or inject into cells
36
Endotoxins
-Formed by breaking down gram negative bacteria
37
ELISA
- Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay
38
T cells are developed...
-In the thymus
-Marked by CD8 and CD4 surface molecules
39
T cells are activated...
In secondary lymphoid tissue
40
T cells recognize pathogens...
Indirectly
41
Mismatched blood types...
-Lead to complement-mediated hemolysis
42
Allergy
-Strong immune response directed at other harmless substances
-Not pathogens
-Pollen, foods, etc.
43
Allergens bind to...
-IgE antibodies on mast cells
-Leads to the release of granules containing allergic mediators
44
Initial allergen exposure induces...
-Adaptive immunity
-Induces B cells producing IgE
45
Allergic mediators
-Histamine
-Prostaglandins
46
Pentadecylcatechol
-Contact dermatitis
-Catechols from plant oils
47
Contact dermatitis
-Modify host proteins, are then recognized as antigens
48
Delayed type hypersensitivity
-T cell mediated inflammation requires several days
49
Pathogens must...
-Adhere
-Avoid
-Grow
-Exit
50
Pathogen adherence...
-Attach to host
-Uses specific receptors that determine initial site of infection
51
Pathogen avoidance...
-Avoid host defenses
52
Pathogen growth...
-Associated with host damage
-Replicate in host
53
Pathogen exit...
-Transmission to a new host
54
Virulence factors are acquired by...
-Horizontal gene transfer
55
Pathogenicity islands
-Contain cluster of genes that specify virulence factors
-Overall G-C pairing content is different
56
Pathogen structures that mediate attachment...
-Pili
-Glycoproteins/capsid proteins in viruses
57
Tissue tropism
-Bind and infect particular cell types
58
Host range
-Infect particular species
59
Enveloped viruses bind by...
-Using glycoproteins in envelope
60
Nonenveloped viruses bind by...
-Using capsid proteins
61
Pili
-Bacterial surface proteins capped with unique attachment subunit
62
Example of non-pili adhesin
-Pertactin (type of bacteria) binds host cell integrins
63
Type III system
-Inject virulence factors directly into host cells
-Directly in host cell membrane
64
Type II system
-Secretes virulence factors into extracellular environment
-Uses piston
65
A-B type structure
-Toxin structure
-A and B subunits
66
A subunit
-Acts on specific targets inside a cell
67
B subunit
-Binds to host cell surface and helps transport A subunit
68
Cholera toxin
-Enterotoxin
-Primary pathogen
-Diarrheal disease
69
Enterotoxins activate...
-Ion channels
-Export of chloride from enterocytes into the lumen of the intestine
70
Cholera toxin binds...
-GM1 and B subunit
71
Cholera toxin A subunit induces...
-Increase in cAMP levels, activate chloride channel
72
Alpha toxin
-Hemolysin
-Kill host cells by disrupting membranes
-Forms pores in host cell membranes and vesicle membranes
73
Hemolysins
-Lyse erythrocytes in blood agar plates
-Toxin is detected by clearing around colonies
74
Shiga toxin
-Inhibits protein synthesis
-A-B type toxin
75
Superantigens
-Secreted by pathogens to stimulate a large proportion of helper T cells
-Produce massive amounts of cytokines, creates a systemic response
76
Toxic shock syndrome
-Systemic inflammatory response
77
Immune envision mechanisms by extracellular pathogens
-Resistance to phagocytosis, complement proteins, and antibodies
78
Protein A
-Can bind to Fc regions of antibodies
-Inhibits immune response
79
Immune envision mechanisms by intracellular pathogens
-Survive in phagolysosome by detoxifying the vesicle
-Prevent fusion of lysosomes with phagosome
-Escape from phagosome by lysing the vesicle
80
Coxiella burnetii
-Survive in phagolysosome by detoxifying the vesicle
81
Legionella pneumophila...
-Prevent fusion of lysosomes with phagosome
82
Listeria monocytogenes
-Escape from the phagolysosome
-Hemolysin
-Uses host cell actin to propel itself into neighboring cells
83
Influenza uses....
-NS1 protein to block production of interferons
84
Interferon blockage
-Viruses can block alarm function of interferons
85
Interferons
-Stimulate MHC molecules and synthesis of nuclease that targets dsRNA
86
Blocks MHC 1
-Herpes Simplex
87
Antigenic variation
-Result of random mutation or specific gene rearrangement mechanism
88
Selective pressures from immune system....
-Act on pathogen populations, seen in species with large number of antigenic variants
89
Serotypes
-Pathogen variants
-Strain that expresses particular versions of surface antigens
90
Antigenic drift
-Changes in antigen structure that accompany random mutation of the genome
91
High spontaneous mutation rate is caused by...
-Error-prone polymerases
-HIV and influenza
92
Influenza's glycoproteins variation
-Hemagglutinin (HA)
-Neuraminidase (NA)
93
Antigenic shift
-Reassortment of genome segments can cause co-infection of animal host
94
Example of switching expressions between versions of a surface protein
-Salmonella flagella
-fljB promoter region
95
Parasitic pathogens can be...
-Intracellular or extracellular
96
Intracellular parasitic pathogens
-Apicomplexans (Toxoplasma, Babesia, and Plasmodia)
97
Extracellular parasitic pathogen
-Trypanosoma brucei
-Many different VSG genes. Ability to change antigen structure, can be infected again
98
Scalded skin
-Caused by exotoxin called exfoliatin
-Produced by S. aureus
99
Exfoliatin produced by S. aureus is...
-A toxin causes a protease that disrupts matrix proteins that connect skin layers
-Superantigen that stimulates helper T cells
100
The dermis layer has...
-Blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, sweat glands
101
The epidermis is...
-The protective outer layer of the skin
102
Rashes are caused by...
-Pathogen toxins
-Immune response
103
Macular rash
-Flat, red, no bumps
-Measles
104
Vesicular rash
-Raised, clear fluid filled/lymph, full of infectious virus
-Herpes
105
Papular rash
-Raised, solid
106
Pustular rash
-Raised, puss filled, dead neutrophils
107
Measles
-Respiratory infection
-ssRNA virus
-Entry through cell membrane fusion
108
Measles inhibits interferon response with...
-V proteins
109
Measles is spread by...
-Direct tramission
-Breathing aerosols
110
Reservoir of measles
-Humans
111
Prodromal symptoms of measles
-Runny nose, fever, fatigue
112
Illness phase of measles
-Koplik's spots in oral mucosa
-Generalized macular rash
113
Herpes
-dsDNA virus
-Highly infectious, most of population has it
114
Herpes can remain in...
-A latent phase
-Reactivation at a later time re-establishes lytic infection
115
Herpes virus replication
-Fusion with membrane
-Nuclear replication and assembly
-Virus buds from nuclear membrane and is released by exocytosis
116
Evasion mechanism of herpes
-Suppression of MHC 1 protein expression
117
Viral latency in herpes
-Virus enters peripheral neurons and viral genome is maintained as dormant extrachromosomal plasmid
118
Chicken pox and shingles
-VZV infection
-Shingles is reactivation, painful epidermal infection along sensory neurons
119
HSV 1
Oral cold sores around lips
120
HSV 2
Genital sores
121
Two things specific to herpes are...
-MHC 1 suppression
-Viral latency
122
Primary Staphylococcal pathoge
-S. aureus
-Gram +, facultative anaerobe, resilient
-Encapsulated
123
Test to diagnose viral rash
-ELISA, PCR, samples of boils
124
Boils
-Furuncle
-Bacterial infection
125
Evasive factors of S. aureus
-Coagulase
-Protein A
-Catalase
126
Catalase and carotenoids...
-Inhibits ROS killing in phagosomes
127
Coagulate enzymes
-Induces coating with host fibrin protein which provides protection
128
Necrotizing fasciitis
-Flesh eating disease
-Anaerobic bacterial growth in subcutaneous tissue
129
Necrotizing fasciitis secretes...
-Exozymes to digest surrounding tissue
-Has systemic effects
130
Bacterial species that causes Necrotizing fasciitis
-Streptococcal
131
Pathogenic Streptococci
-Gram+
-Cocci
-Aerotolerant anaerobe
-S. pysognes and S. pneumoniae
132
Strep adhesion
-Lipotechoic acid
-M protein
133
M protein is very similar to...
-Host cell structures
-Specifically heart cells
134
Virulence factors of Strep
-Capsule, inhibits phagocytosis
-Exozymes to spread infection
-SPEs, superantigens
135
Strep treatments
-Penicillin and derivatives
-Pneumococcal vaccines
136
Rheumatic fever
-Heart damage
-Strep M proteins are similar to host cells
-Antibodies against Strep can have autoimmune response
137
Upper respiratory tract
-Oral cavity, pharynx, and nasal passages
138
Lower respiratory tract
-Lungs and bronchioles
-Few microbes found here
139
Mucociliary escalator
-Moves particles and microbes out of lungs
-Clearance
140
Pneumonia
-Lung infection
-S. pneumoniae
-Entry by aspiration
141
Pharynagitis
-Sore throat
-Viral mostly
-Bacterial is caused by S. pyogenes
142
M. tuberculosis
-Intracellular pathogen
-Bacillus
-Microaerophilic growth
-Acid fast staining
143
The cell wall of M. tuberculosis has...
-Mycolic acid
-Provides resilience and virulence
144
M. tuberculosis uses...
-Helper 1 T cells
145
Drug treatment of tuberculosis
-Isoniazid and rifampin
-3-9 months
146
Initial infection of tuberculosis
-Occurs in alveolar macrophages
-Bacteria survives within vesicles by inhibiting lysosome function
147
T cells that help in Tuberculosis...
Helper T Cell 1 (TC1)
148
Pathogen that uses a structure that is similar to a host cell structure
Strep, protein M
149
PPD
-Purified protein derivative
-Local inflammatory response for TB
150
Positive PPD result...
-Memory T cells recognize the antigen
-Does not mean you have an active infection
151
Influenza is a...
-Enveloped, segmented RNA virus
152
Influenza type that is most common...
Type A and B
153
Influenza type that has most variables...
Type A
154
H5N1 Influenza
-Type A
-Share similar types of hemagglutinin (H5) and neuraminidase (N1) surface proteins
155
Hemagglutinin enveloped protein
-Adherence to epithelial cells
156
Neuraminidase purpose...
-Helps release new virus particles
157
Tamiflu
-Inhibits neuraminidase to block release
158
Fungal pathogens typically...
-Have low virulence
-Except with acute exposure or when the host is immunocompromised
159
Dimorphic Fungi
-Grow either as hyphae or as yeast
-Hyphal form in soil but grows as yeast in animals
-
160
Acute exposure
-Exposed to very high amount of spores
161
Blastomyces dermatitis
-Infection due to inhaling fungal spores
-Soil reservoir
162
Dimorphic fungi avoid host immune response by...
-Resisting being killed in phagolysosomes by inhibiting host synthesis of nitrogen oxides
163
Antifungal drugs target...
-Fungal membranes
164
Osmotic diarrhea
Reduced nutrient absorption results in low water uptake
165
Secretory diarrhea
-Ion secretion by enterocytes result in water leaving the cells
-Body is actively secreting water into intestine of lumen
166
Inflammatory diarrhea
Immune response to infection damages epithelium, reducing absorption and may result in blood loss
167
Motility diarrhea
Pathogen induced increases in peristalsis
168
Cholera causes ______ diarrhea
Secretory diarrhea
169
E. coli O157:H7 one and Shigella toxin cause ______ diarrhea
-Inflammatory diarrhea
170
Rotavirus
-Non-enveloped dsRNA virus
-Fecal oral transmission
171
Type of diarrhea Rotavirus causes...
-Osmotic diarrhea, destruction of intestinal epithelial cells and loss of nutrient absorption
172
IgA
-In the lumen of the intestine and salivary glands
-Block pathogen binding or the actions of toxins
173
E. coli
-Gram -, bacillus
-Fecal oral route
-O, H, and K antigen variants
174
Most E. coli is...
-Nonpathogenic
175
E. coli virulence factors include...
-Specific fimbriae/pili and other adhesions
-Capsule
-Enterotoxins, cytotoxins, and endotoxins
176
ETEC
-Secrete labile toxin and enterotoxin
-That alters epithelial cell transporter
-Strictly toxigenic
177
EIEC
-Escapes from the endosome and grows in cytosol
-Host cell actin to propel itself into neighboring cells
-Bloody diarrhea
178
EHEC
-Shiga toxin and cytotoxin (which blocks protein synthesis)
-Toxin targets blood vessel endothelial cells
179
Host defenses of E. coli
-Clearance mechanisms on epithelial surfaces
-Antibodies to neutralize toxins and block adherence
-Phagocytic functions to kill invasive strains
180
Pathogen evasion of E. coli
-Specific adherence mechanisms
-Variable surface antigens: O, H, and K serotypes
-Capsule
-Intracellular growth EIEC
181
UPEC
-Type P Pili
-Urinary tract infection
182
Salmonella
-Gram -
-Facultative anaerobe
-Intracellular
183
Salmonella evade host cell defenses by...
-Preventing lysosomal fusion
-Having Vi capsules to survive in macrophages
-Phase variation mechanism to change flagella structure
184
Giardia
-Protozoan parasite
-Osmotic diarrhea
185
Malaria
-Mosquito vector
-Apicomplexan
-Lyses red blood cells
186
Malaria disease is the result of...
-Systemic inflammatory response to parasite surface antigen, PfEMP1
-Has multiple versions of surface antigens
187
HIV/AIDS
-Retrovirus
-Enveloped
-Reverse transcriptase
-Leads to immunodeficiency
-High mutation rate
188
Cause of immunodeficiency with HIV infection is...
-Viral load increases
-CD4 T cell numbers fall
189
HIV evasion mechanisms
-High mutation rate, antigenic drift
-Viral latency
190
HAART
-Multiple drugs with specific targets are given simultaneously
191
AZT
-Enzyme inhibitors block function of reverse transcriptase
-HIV medication
192
HIV Protease
-Suppress production of new viral particles
193
Tamiflu
-Inhibits neuraminidase to block release of new viral particles
