Unit 4: Newly Industrialized Countries (Mexico, Iran, and Nigeria)

Question 1

Dependency Theory

Answer 1

economic development of many countries in the world is blocked by the fact that industrialized nations exploit underdeveloped nations

Question 2

Failed state

Answer 2

a state within which the government has lost the ability to provide the most basic of public services

Question 3

Hybrid regimes

Answer 3

has elements of both democracy and authoritarianism

Question 4

Amerindians

Answer 4

Original peoples of North and South America; indigenous people

Question 5

Camarillas

Answer 5

Vast informal networks of personal royalty that operate as powerful political cliques

Question 6

Co-optation

Answer 6

The process by which individuals are brought into a beneficial relationship with the state, making them dependent on the states for certain rewards

Question 7

Caudillos

Answer 7

National military strongmen, who dominated Mexican politics in the 19th and early 20th centuries

Question 8

Federal Election Commission

Answer 8

the independent regulatory agency charged with administering and enforcing the federal campaign finance law

Question 9

Mestizos

Answer 9

someone mixed Amerindian and European descent. People who are mestizo are in the middle class position.

Question 10

“Mexican Miracle”

Answer 10

A period from the 1940s to the 1970s wherein rapid industrialization promoted high levels of economic growth and improved living standards, which gave rise to a new middle class with rising expectations.

Question 11

NAFTA

Answer 11

A trade agreement between North America that reduce tariffs, eliminate trade barriers, create a common market, and increase trade/investment. Canada, United States, and Mexico can trade more easily.

Question 12

Para-statals

Answer 12

a government owned corporation to compersate for the lack of private economic development or to ensure complete and equitable service to the whole country

Question 13

PEMEX

Answer 13

a national oil company set up in Mexico to run the oil industry.

Question 14

Pendulum theory

Answer 14

back & forth effect between socialist reform and free-market economic development

Question 15

Plurality (FPTP) electoral system

Answer 15

the candidate with the highest number (but not necessarily a majority) of votes is elected.

Question 16

Proportional representation electoral system

Answer 16

Political parties nominate their candidates for proportional appointments before the election. For a party to be eligible for proportional-appointment seats they must run candidates in at least 30 districts and receive at least 3% of the vote throughout the state

Question 17

PAN

Answer 17

a conservative political party in Mexico founded in 1939. The party is one of the three main political parties in Mexico, and, since the 1980s, has had success winning local, state, and national elections.

Question 18

Politicos

Answer 18

Role played by elected representatives who act as trustees or as delegates, depending on the issue

Question 19

Pofririato

Answer 19

“Order, Liberty, and Progress” Diaz’s slogan. It signified the economic reform that Diaz created by modernizing Mexico.

Question 20

PPP

Answer 20

Purchasing power parity theory. A theory which states that the exchange rate between one currency and another is in equilibrium when their domestic purchasing powers at that rate of exchange are equivalent

Question 21

PRD

Answer 21

The Party of the Democratic Revolution is a social democratic political party that is one of the three major political parties in Mexico.

Question 22

PRI

Answer 22

Mexican political party founded in 1929, that held power from 1929 to 2000, first as the National Revolutionary Party, then as the Party of the Mexican Revolution.

Question 23

Sexenio

Answer 23

6-year term served by Mexican presidents

Question 24

Technicos

Answer 24

a faction within the ruling PRI that rose to prominence in the 1980 s through promotion of Neoliberal economic reforms. US and European educated, these members were in conflict with the corporatist dinosaurios.

Question 25

Assembly of Religious Experts

Answer 25

a faction within the ruling PRI that rose to prominence in the 1980 s through promotion of Neoliberal economic reforms. US and European educated, these members were in conflict with the corporatist dinosaurios.

Question 26

Equality with difference

Answer 26

Policy toward women. Meaning divorce and custody laws follow Islamic standards that favor males. Women must wear scarves and long coats in public, cannot leave country without consent of male relatives, stoning for adultery, allowed education, and entrance to occupations.

Question 27

Guardian council

Answer 27

created by the Constitution of 1906 to act as a check on the Majles. It is composed of 12 men. Half the members are appointed by the Supreme Leader and half are nominated by the chief judge and approved by the Majles. The Guardian Council can veto legilation passed by the Majles.

Question 28

Hidden Imam

Answer 28

The belief is that one day the Hidden Imam will re-emerge. Until then, the leaders of Iran represent the true heirs of Islam

Question 29

Imams

Answer 29

s an Islamic leadership position. For Sunni Muslims, Imam is most commonly used as the title of a worship leader of a mosque. In this context, imams may lead Islamic worship services, lead prayers, serve as community leaders, and provide religious guidance.

Question 30

Majles

Answer 30

Unicameral house in the Iranian legislature, directly elected with 209 seats, created in 1906 and validated in Constitution of 1979. Powers of the Majles. Enacts or changes laws, interprets legislation, appoints six members of the Guardian Council, investigate public complaints.

Question 31

National Front

Answer 31

political party in Iran following WWII; opposed monarchy and favored a greater Iranian control over natural resources; Outlawed after AJAX

Question 32

Rentier state

Answer 32

a country that obtains a hefty income by exporting raw materials or leasing out natural resources to foreign companies.

Question 33

Sharia

Answer 33

the religious law forming part of the Islamic tradition.It is derived from the religious precepts of Islam, particularly the Quran and the Hadith.

Question 34

Shiism

Answer 34

The Shia are one of the two major branches of Islam. The other major branch, the Sunni are the majority. Shias believe that the Ayatollahs are the only rightful interpreters of shari’a law.

Question 35

Sunni

Answer 35

A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad.

Question 36

Theocracy

Answer 36

A political system in which the religious lite dominate the regime

Question 37

Biafra

Answer 37

a region of E Nigeria, formerly a local government region: seceded as an independent republic (1967–70) during the Civil War, but defeated by Nigerian government forces.

Question 38

Boko Haram

Answer 38

Initially focused on opposing Western education - gaining the nickname Boko Haram, which means “Western education is forbidden” in the Hausa language.

Question 39

CPC

Answer 39

Congress for progressive change, a political party founded in Nigeria in 2009 in preparation for the April 2011 elections. It was the 63rd political party to be founded in the country

Question 39

Ife

Answer 39

the place of origin of all humankind and is therefore of particular religious and political importance. Here the deities Odudua and Obatala, under instruction from the creator Olodumare, began the creation of the world.

Question 40

Igbo

Answer 40

a large group in Nigeria who are mostly Christian. They are located in the southeast part of Nigeria. They have conflicts with the Yoruba and tried to become a independent nation.

Question 41

Loyalty pyramid

Answer 41

a large group in Nigeria who are mostly Christian. They are located in the southeast part of Nigeria. They have conflicts with the Yoruba and tried to become a independent nation.

Question 42

Patrimonialism

Answer 42

A system of governance in which a single ruler treats the state as personal property (patrimony). Appointments to public office are made on the basis of unswerving loyalty to the ruler.

Question 43

Revenue sharing

Answer 43

the distribution of a portion of federal tax revenues to state and local governments.

Question 44

Sharia

Answer 44

a body of religious law that forms a part of the Islamic tradition. It is derived from the religious precepts of Islam and is based on the sacred scriptures of Islam, particularly the Quran and the Hadith.

Question 45

Yoruba

Answer 45

A West African people who formed several kingdoms in what is now Benin and Southern Nigeria