Unit 4: Nucleotides, Nucleic Acids, and Heredity Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
Identify location/structure:
where transmission of hereditary information took place
(19th century)
A
chromosomes
2
Q
Enumerate:
chromosomes composition
A
- histones
- nucleic acids
3
Q
Identify structure:
carry hereditary information (1940s)
A
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
4
Q
Enumerate:
2 kinds of nucleic acids
A
- ribonucleic acid (RNA)
- deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
5
Q
Identify the term:
Both RNA and DNA are polymers from monomers called?
A
nucleotides
6
Q
Enumerate:
nucleotide composition
A
- (nucleotide) base
- monosaccharide (sugar)
- phosphate
7
Q
Identify structure:
bicyclic in nature;
two rings are fused together
A
purines
8
Q
Enumerate:
purines (nitrogenous bases)
A
- adenine
- guanine
9
Q
Identify structure:
has only one 6-carbon rings
A
pyrimidine
10
Q
Enumerate:
pyrimidine (nitrogenous bases)
A
- cytosine
- thymine (DNA)
- uracil (RNA)
11
Q
Identify the structure:
a compound that consists of D-ribose or 2-deoxy-D-ribose bonded to a purine or pyrimidine base by β-glycosidic bond
A
nucleoside
12
Q
Identify the structure:
links the nucleobase and sugar
A
β-glycosidic bond
13
Q
Identify the nitrogenous bases once bound to the sugar:
uracil
adenine
guanine
cytosine
thymine
A
uracil - uridine
adenine - adenosine
guanine - guanosine
cytosine - cytidine
thymine - thymidine
14
Q
Identify the structure:
a nucleoside in which a molecule of phosphoric acid is esterified with an -OH of the monosaccharide, most commonly either at the 3’ or the 5’ -OH
A
nucleotide
15
Q
Identify the structure:
serves as a common currency into which energy gained from food is converted and stored
A
Adenosine 5’ triphosphate (ATP)
16
Q
Identify the DNA structure level:
the sequence of nucleotides, beginning with the nucleotide that has the free 5’ terminus
A
primary structure
17
Q
Identify the DNA structure level:
the ordered arrangement of nucleic acid strands
A
secondary structure
18
Q
Identify the structure:
a type of secondary structure of DNA in which 2 polynucleotide strands are coiled around each other in a screw-like fashion
A
double helix
19
Q
Enumerate:
2 types of grooves present based on the DNA double helix model
A
- major grooves
- minor grooves
20
Q
Identify the structure:
larger spaces in the DNA double helix structure that serve as binding sites to biomolecules
A
major grooves
21
Q
Identify the structure:
smaller spaces in the DNA double helix structure that serve as binding sites to small molecules or organic molecules
A
minor grooves
22
Q
Identify the number of hydrogen bonds:
A and T pair formation
A
2 hydrogen bonds
23
Q
Identify the number of hydrogen bonds:
G and C pair formation
A
3 hydrogen bonds
24
Q
Identify the term:
main stabilizing force of the DNA double helix
A
canonical base pairing
25
Identify the structure:
proteins where DNA is coiled around
histones
26
Identify the structure:
formed when the negatively charged DNA molecules and positively charged histones attract one another
nucleosomes
27
Identify the structure:
a core of 8 histone molecules around which the DNA helix is wrapped
nucleosomes
28
Identify the structure:
nucleosomes are further condensed into _________
chromatin
29
Identify the structure:
chromatin fibers are organized into loops, and the loops into bands that provide the superstructure of ___________
chromosomes
30
Identify the difference in structure:
DNA and RNA based on bases
DNA bases: A, G, C, T
RNA bases: A, G, C, U
31
Identify the difference in structure:
DNA and RNA based on sugar
DNA sugar: 2-deoxy-D-ribose
RNA: D-ribose
32
Identify the difference in structure:
DNA and RNA based on strands
DNA: double-stranded
RNA: single-stranded
33
Identify the process:
yields two DNA molecules identical to the original one, ensuring transmission of genetic information to daughter cells with exceptional fidelity
replication
34
Identify the process:
the sequence of bases in DNA is recorded as a sequence of complementary bases in a single-stranded mRNA molecule
transcription
35
Identify the process:
three-base codons on the mRNA corresponding to specific amino acids direct the sequence of building a protein; these codons are recognized by tRNAs carrying the appropriate amino acids
translation
36
Identify the structure:
"machinery" for protein synthesis
ribosomes
37
Identify the type of RNA:
size: small
function: transports amino acids to site of protein synthesis
transfer RNA (tRNA)
38
Identify the type of RNA:
size: several kinds; variable in size
function: combines with proteins to form ribosomes; acts as a catalyst; a component of ribozymes
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
39
Identify the type of RNA:
size: variable
function: directs amino sequence of proteins; produced during transcription
messenger RNA (mRNA)
40
Identify the type of RNA:
size: small
function: processes initial mRNA to its mature form in eukaryotes
small nuclear RNA (snRNA)
41
Identify the type of RNA:
size: small
function: affects gene expressions; important in growth and development
micro RNA (miRNA)
42
Identify the type of RNA:
size: small
function: affects gene expression; used by scientists to knock out gene being studied
small interfering RNA (siRNA)
43
Identify the type of RNA:
size: variable
function: involved in activating or silencing specific genes
long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)
44
Identify the type of RNA:
size: small
function: protects animal genomes against transposons
piwi-associated RNA (piRNA)
45
Identify the type of RNA:
size: variable
function: acts as miRNA sponge, controlling the effects of miRNA
circular RNA
46
Identify the structure:
a segment of DNA that carries a base sequence that directs the synthesis of a particular protein, tRNA, or mRNA
gene
47
Identify the structure:
a section of DNA that, when transcribed, codes for a protein or RNA
exon
48
Identify the structure:
a section of DNA that does not code for anything functional
intron
49
Enumerate:
2 functions of DNA in the chromosomes
1. reproduces itself (replication)
2. supplies the information necessary to make all the RNA and proteins in the body, including enzymes
50
Identify the term:
a point in the DNA called the origin of replication where replication begins
replication fork
51
Enumerate:
DNA replication steps
1. DNA structure opening
2. Relaxation of higher-order structure
3. Unwinding of the double helix
4. Primer synthesis by primases
5. DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase
6. Ligation of DNA fragments
52
Identify the enzyme:
temporarily introduce either single- or double-strand breaks in DNA
topoisomerase or gyrases
53
Identify the enzyme:
special unwinding proteins that attach to one DNA strand and cause the separation of the double helix (unzips)
helicase
54
Identify the structure:
short 4 to 15 nucleotides long--RNA oligonucleotides synthesized from ribonucleoside triphosphates
primers/ primases
55
Identify the structure:
needed to initiate the primate-catalyzed synthesis of both daughter strands
primers/ primases
56
Identify the enzyme:
joins the nucleotide backbone
polymerase
57
Identify the enzyme:
joins the Okazaki fragments and any nicks remaining
ligase
58
Identify the term:
a high-precision technique that makes millions of copies of selected DNA fragments within a few hours
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
59
Identify the enzyme (DNA amplification):
extends the primers in each direction as individual nucleotides are assembled and connected on the template DNA, creating 2 copies
polymerase
60
T/F:
Nucleosides have a phosphate group.
False
61
Identify the level of structure in NA:
order of bases in the polynucleotide sequence
primary structure
62
Identify the level of structure in NA:
specifies the genetic code
primary structure
63
Identify the level of structure in NA:
three-dimensional conformation of the polynucleotide backbone
secondary structure
64
Identify the level of structure in NA:
supercoiling of the molecule
tertiary structure
65
Identify the level of structure in NA:
interaction with other classes of macromolecules, such as proteins
quaternary structure
66
Identify the compound:
nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds that make up the coding portion of nucleic acids
nucleic acid bases
67
T/F:
polymerization of nucleotides produces nucleic acids
true
68
Identify the NA:
biopolymer that consists of a backbone of alternating units of 2-deoxy-D-ribose and phosphate
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
69
T/F:
nucleotide residues of nucleic acids are numbered from the 3' end to the 5' end
false;
5' to 3'
70
Identify the level of structure in DNA:
sequence of bases along the pentose-phosphodiester backbone of a DNA molecule
primary structure
71
Identify the level of structure in DNA:
ordered arrangement of nucleic acid strands
secondary structure
72
Identify the level of structure in DNA:
three-dimensional arrangement of all atoms of a nucleic acid
tertiary structure
73
Identify the level of structure in DNA:
referred to as supercoiling
tertiary structure
74
Enumerate:
DNA conformations
1. B-DNA
2. A-DNA
3. Z-DNA
75
Identify the DNA conformation:
considered the normal form;
right-handed helix
B-DNA
76
Identify the number of base pairs per turn of the helix:
B-DNA
10 base pairs
77
Identify the DNA conformation:
right-handed helix but thicker than B-DNA; not found in in-vivo techniques
A-DNA
78
Identify the number of base pairs per turn of the helix:
A-DNA
11 base pairs
79
Identify the DNA conformation:
left-handed double helix that may play a role in regulation of gene expression
Z-DNA
80
T/F:
bases are hydrophobic and interact with each other via hydrophobic bonding
true
81
T/F:
many bases adopt a propeller twist
true
82
Identify the structure:
extra twists in closed circular DNA
DNA supercoils
83
Identify the structure:
type of double-stranded DNA in which the 5' and 3' ends of each strand are joined by phosphodiester bonds
circular DNA
84
T/F:
prokaryotic DNA is an example of circular DNA that forms supercoils
true
85
Identify the type of supercoil:
circular DNA with fewer than normal number of turns of the helix
negative supercoils
86
Identify the type of supercoil:
circular DNA with more than normal number of turns of the helix
positive supercoils
87
Identify the enzyme:
relax supercoiling in closed circular DNA
topoisomerases
88
Identify the class of topoisomerase:
cut the phosphodiester backbone of one strand, pass the other end through, and reseal
Class I
89
Identify the class of topoisomerase:
cut both strands, pass some of the remaining DNA helix between the cut ends, and reseal
Class II
90
Identify the enzyme:
bacterial topoisomerase that introduces negative supercoils into DNA
DNA gyrase
91
Identify the structure:
result of supercoiling in eukaryotic DNA
chromatin
92
Explain:
why structure and spacer regions (spacing) are important in chromatin function
affects the rate of mutation
93
Identify the term:
must be added to a sample of DNA to break the hydrogen bonds and to disrupt the stacking interactions
energy
(heating in a solution)
94
Identify the process:
heat denaturation of DNA
melting
95
T/F:
renaturation is possible on slow heating
false;
slow cooling
96
Identify the NA:
consists of long, unbranched chains of nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds between the 3' -OH of one pentose and the 5' -OH of the next
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
97
Identify the type of RNA:
single-stranded polynucleotide chain between 73 and 94 nucleotide residues long; carries an amino acid at its 3' end
tRNA
98
Identify the type of RNA:
found in the site of protein synthesis
rRNA
99
Identify the type of RNA:
initially formed as a larger precursor molecule called heterogenous nuclear RNA (hnRNA)
mRNA
100
Identify the type of RNA:
carries coded genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for the synthesis of proteins
mRNA
101
Identify the type of RNA:
complexes with proteins and forms small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs)
snRNA
102
Identify the structure:
protein-RNA complexes found in the nucleus that aid in processing RNA molecules for export to the cytosol
small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs)
103
Identify the structure:
help with processing of the initial mRNA transcribed from DNA into a mature form
small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs)
104
T/F:
short stretches of RNA do not have control over gene expression
false;
have enormous control
105
Identify the type of RNA:
bind to mRNA and prevent its translation
micro RNAs (miRNAs)
106
Identify the type of RNA:
bind to mRNA but lead to the cleavage of the RNA in question
small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)
