Unit 4: Organic Compounds

Question 1

What is an organic compound and what are the exceptions?

Answer 1

• All compounds with Carbon

Exceptions
- carbonates, hydrogen carbonates, cyanides, thiocyandes, carbides, CO, CO2, Carbon

Question 2

What are the properties of Alkanes?

Answer 2

• Saturated ( cause only one bond )
• Non Polar
• Not soluble in water

Question 3

What are the properties of Alkenes?

Answer 3

• Unsaturated
• Non Polar
• Not soluble

Question 4

What are the properties of Alkynes?

Answer 4

• Unsaturated
• Non Polar
• Very Reactive
• Highest in BP between the three hydrocarbons

Question 5

What are the properties of Benzene?

Answer 5

• Aromatic ( contain benzene )
• Non polar
• VERY VERY stable

Question 6

What are Hydrocarbon Derivates and what are the functional groups?

Answer 6

• Hydrocarbons but one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced with a functional group
  Groups such as
• Hydroxyl, Halogens, Carboxyl, Ester

Question 7

What are the properties of Alcohol?

Answer 7

• Functional Group : OH
• Hydrogen Bonds -> Polar
• Higher BP compared to the aliphatics (ane,ene,yne)
• Small Alcohols are soluble, Large not

Question 8

What are the properties of an Alkyl Halides?

Answer 8

• Functional Group : Halogen
• Polar or Nonpolar depending on the shape

Question 9

What are the properties of Carboxylic Acid?

Answer 9

• Hydrogen Bonds -> Polar
• Highest boiling point
• Small is soluble, Large not

Question 10

What are the properties of Esters?

Answer 10

• Hydrogen Bonding -> Polar
• Small esters slightly soluble, large not
• Can create SCENTS

Question 11

Boiling Points from highest to lowest

Answer 11

• CA
• Alcohol
• Ester
• Alkyl Halides
• Alkynes
• Alkenes
• Alkanes

Question 12

Important things to know about London Dispersion Forces

Answer 12

• Larger the Molecule = More Electrons = Larger LDF
• Temp
• Affect Boiling Points ( Big LDF = Big BP )
• ALL molecules ( not atoms )

Question 13

Important things to know about Dipole Dipole

Answer 13

• only in POLAR
• The positive side of the molecule is attracted to the negative side of another molecule.
• Permanent
• Example: Oxygen ( - ) is attracted to the Hydrogen ( + ) forming H2O

Question 14

Important things to know about Hydrogen Bonds

Answer 14

• When hydrogen is bonded with FUN ( F, O, N)
• Strongest intermolecular force

Question 15

Boiling point of Isomers

Answer 15

• The more round ( fat/ball ) = WEAK
• The more stick (tall/lanky) = STRONG

Question 16

How to know what is soluble with what?

Answer 16

ADDED TO WATER
- Have H - Bonds? = soluble
- No H - Bonds but Polar? = slightly soluble
- No H - Bonds and Non Polar = insoluble
ANYTHING ELSE
- Adding Polar with Polar? = soluble
- Adding Nonpolar with Polar? = insoluble
viceversaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa

Question 17

What is Solvent Extraction?

Answer 17

• Many chemicals with different polarities ( some polar some not) in one mixture?
• Add a solvent into the mixture that will ALLOW to a chemical in the mixture to dissolve in the mixture

Basically. You have many people in a room. And your target is superman. you toss in a kryptonite which only affects superman, effectively only extracting superman in the room.

Question 18

What is Distillation?

Answer 18

• Separating a solution back to its parts using boiling points.

Lets say you have ethanol mixed with water.
And you’re like WAIT, I need that ethanol back.
Ethanol’s BP is 78 and Water is 100
You heat the solution to 78, which extracts the Ethanol by itself!
So the gas ethanol goes to some apparatus, you collect them and boom you have ethanol back.

Question 19

What is Fractional Distillation?

Question 20

What is Cracking and Forming?

Question 21

What are the 6 Organic Reactions?

Answer 21

• Combustion
• Addition
• Elimination
• Substitution
• Esterification
• Polymerization

Question 22

What is a Combustion Reaction?
Complete and Incomplete Combustion Reaction?

Answer 22

• Substance reacting with oxygen
  Complete: Produces carbon monoxide and water vapor
  Incomplete: Produces soot ( carbon ) or just other things.

Question 23

What is an Addition Reaction? and how do you do/write it? What about excess?

Answer 23

• Adding an atom to a carbon chain ( only double/triple bond chain)
• Break the double/triple bond
• Break the atoms
• Add the atoms to the carbon where the bond broke

For excess
Basically do whatever is at the top, but do it again! until the bond is only one bond. (Make sure you write that you added it again)

Question 24

What is an Elimination Reaction?

Answer 24

• Removing two atoms.
• Remove the functional group that is attached to the carbon
• Now, pick a neighbour carbon and remove a hydrogen
• Now with the carbon and the neigbour carbon, with each two atoms removed, add a bond.

Eliminating an Alcohol needs a acid to act as a catalyst

      OH
        | CH3 - CH - CH3 - >  CH2 = CH - CH3 + H2O