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HEAL1500 > UNIT 4 - ORGANIZATION AND REGULATION OF BODY SYSTEMS > Flashcards

UNIT 4 - ORGANIZATION AND REGULATION OF BODY SYSTEMS Flashcards

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1
Q

what are tissues?

A

-a group of cells with a similar function
-extracellular matrix helps carry out the function

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2
Q

what are the 4 major tissue types?

A

-epithelial
-connective
-muscle
-nervous

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3
Q

what are the characteristics of connective tissue?

A

-binds + supports
-has 3 main components
-can be fluid or solid (blood vs bone)
-has 3 protein fibres that can create its matrix
-has 3 types

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4
Q

what are the 3 types of connective tissue?

A

-fibrous CT
-supportive CT
-fluid CT

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5
Q

what are the 3 protein fibres that can create the matrix of CT?

A

-collagen fibres (flexible + strong)
-elastic fibres (stretch + recoil)
-reticular fibres (thin + branched collagen fibres)

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6
Q

what are the 2 forms of fibrous CT?

A

-loose (less fibers more ground substance)
-dense (more fibers less ground substance)

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7
Q

what kinds of loose connective tissue are there?

A

-reticular CT (kidney + lymph nodes)
-adipose tissue (under skin + in bone)

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8
Q

what is the main purpose of loose fibrous connective tissue?

A

-support epithelium + internal organs

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9
Q

what are characteristics of adipose tissue?

A

-stores fat
-little matrix (cells are large)
-adipocytes are the cells that store fat
-functions in energy storage, insulation, and cushioning
-found under skin and around some organs (stroma of kidney + testes)

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10
Q

where is dense connective tissue found?

A

-tendons (muscle to bone)
-ligaments (bone to bone)

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11
Q

what fiber largely makes up dense CT?

A

-collagen (tightly packed)

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12
Q

what are the 2 types of supportive CT? what do they function in?

A

-bone + cartilage
-structure, shape, protection, and leverage for movement

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13
Q

what are the characteristics of cartilage?

A

-has chondrocytes in lacunae
-solid but flexible matrix
-lacks a direct blood supply (avascular)

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14
Q

what are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

-hyaline
-elastic
-fibro

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15
Q

what is distinct about hyaline cartilage? where do you find it?

A

-fine collagen fibres in the matrix
-tip of the nose, ends of long bones, fetal skeleton

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16
Q

what is distinct about elastic cartilage? where do you find it?

A

-abundant elastic fibres in the matrix
-in the outer ear

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17
Q

what is distinct about fibrocartilage? where do you find it?

A

-abundant strong collagen fibres in the matrix
-intervertebral discs

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18
Q

what are the characteristics of bone?

A

-most rigid connective tissue
-matrix contains collagen and calcium salts
-2 types of bone tissue

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19
Q

what are the 2 types of bone tissue?

A

-compact bone
-spongy bone

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20
Q

what are the characteristics of compact bone?

A

-made of cylindrical structural units called osteons
-osteons have a central canal with blood vessels + nerves
-osteocytes are in lacunae
-make up the shafts of long bones

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21
Q

what are the characteristics of spongy bone?

A

-lighter than compact bone
-very strong
-in the ends of long bones

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22
Q

what are the two types of fluid connective tissue?

A

-blood
-lymph

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23
Q

what are the characteristics of blood?

A

-fluid matrix called plasma
-cellular components are “formed elements”
-3 formed elements

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24
Q

what are the 3 formed elements in blood?

A

-RBC (erythrocytes) (carry oxygen)
-WBC (leukocytes) (fight infection)
-Platelets (thrombocytes) (clot blood)

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25
what is lymph?
-contains WBCs -derived from the fluid surrounding tissues -lymphatic vessels absorb excess interstitial fluid
26
where is lymph returned?
-to the cardiovascular system -subclavian veins level
27
what are the characteristics of muscle tissue?
-specialized to contract -moves the body -cells are muscle fibres -3 types
28
what are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
-skeletal -smooth -cardiac
29
what are the characteristics of skeletal muscle?
-attached by tendons -contraction moves the skeleton -voluntarily controlled -very long muscle fibers with multiple nuclei -striated
30
why do skeletal muscle fibres contain multiple nuclei?
-more DNA -more transcription -more mitochondria can be built
31
what are the dark bands in skeletal muscle?
-A bands -contains thick and thin filaments
32
what are the light bands in skeletal muscle?
-I bands -contains thin filaments only
33
what are the characteristics of smooth muscle?
-no striations -spindle shaped cells with 1 nucleus -involuntary control -in the walls of viscera (large organs)
34
what are the characteristics of cardiac muscle?
-only in the walls of the heart -striated -involuntary control -single nucleus cells -cells are connected by intercalated discs
35
what is contained within intercalated discs?
-desmosome junctions (anchoring) -gap junctions (synchronization)
36
what are the characteristics of nervous tissue?
-conducts nerve impulses -consist of neurons and glial cells -functions in sensory input, integration, and motor output
37
what is the structure of a neuron?
-3 parts -dendrites (carry info towards the cell body) -cell body (contains the nucleus + organelles) -axon (conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body)
38
what are the characteristics of glial cells?
-outnumber neurons (9:1) -more than half the brains volume -support and nourish neurons -many types
39
what covers the axon of a neuron?
-myelin sheath
40
what cells create the myelin sheath in the PNS? CNS?
-schwann cells (PNS) -oligodendrocytes (CNS)
41
what are the main types of glial cells?
-microglial cells -ependymal cells -astrocytes -schwann cells -oligodendrocytes
42
what are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?
-covers body surfaces + lines body cavities + creates glands -protects -made of tightly packed cells -basement membrane -free surface (lumen)
43
how are epithelial tissues named?
-shape of cells -# of cell layers
44
how are epithelial tissues named for the # of cell layers?
-simple = 1 layer -stratified = more than 1 layer
45
how are epithelial tissues named for the shape of cells?
-squamous (flattened cells) -cuboidal (cubed cells) -columnar cells (rectangular cells)
46
what is the main function of simple squamous epithelium? where is it mainly found?
-gas exchange -sacs of lungs -increase surface + decrease thickness for efficiency
47
where can you find simple cuboidal epithelium?
-salivary glands -kidney tubules
48
where can you find simple columnar epithelium? how is the surface expanded?
-digestive tract + uterine tubes -microvilli
49
what are the characteristics of pseudostratified epithelium?
-appears stratified because nuclei do not line up (actually simple) -often has cilia to move mucus -found in windpipe + trachea linings
50
where can you find stratified squamous epithelium?
-outer layer of skin (epidermis) -lining of the mouth -esophagus -outer portion of cervix
51
what are the characteristics of transitional epithelium?
-cells change shape from cuboidal to squamous in response to tension (stretching) -found in the urinary bladder
52
what are the characteristics of glands?
-make and secrete products -2 types
53
what are the 2 types of glands?
-exocrine -endocrine
54
how do exocrine glands function?
-secrete into ducts onto a body surface or cavity -one cell (goblet cell) -multiple cells (sweat/mammary gland)
55
how do endocrine glands function?
-secrete products into the bloodstream -no ducts
56
what is an organ?
-a group of 2 or more different tissues performing a common function
57
what lines organs and cavities?
-membranes
58
what is included in the integumentary system?
-skin -hair -nails -glands
59
what are the functions of the integumentary system?
-protects underlying tissues from trauma, pathogen invasion, and water loss -helps regulate body temp. -touch + temp. receptors (aware of surroundings)
60
what tissue types are present in the integumentary system?
-all 4!
61
what are the different layers of the skin? how much of our body weight is skin?
-epidermis + dermis -hypodermis (subcutaneous) -15% of total body weight
62
what is the purpose of the hypodermis?
-attaches skin to bones
63
what are the characteristics of the epidermis?
-thin outer layer -stratified squamous epithelium -contains many different cells that perform different functions
64
what type of cells are in the deepest layer of the epidermis? what is their purpose?
-stem cells -produce new epidermal cells
65
what must happen if stem cells are destroyed?
-skin must be replaced -autograft or allograft
66
what is an autograft?
-skin from another area of the body
67
what is an allograft?
-skin from another person
68
what are the cells of the epidermis?
-keratinocytes -langerhans/dendritic cells -melanocytes -merkel cells -carotene -hemoglobin
69
what are the characteristics of keratinocytes?
-upper layer of epidermis -dead + filled with keratin -waterproof barrier (no loss + no gain)
70
what is the purpose of langerhans/dendritic cells?
-WBC -phagocytize infectious agents
71
what are the characteristics of melanocytes?
-produce melanin (skin pigment) -protects from UV light -each person has = # of melanocytes but the amount of melanin produced varies
72
what is the purpose of merkel cells?
-mechanoreceptors -essential for light touch + sensation
73
what cells in the epidermis contribute to skin colour (besides melanocytes)?
-carotene -hemoglobin
74
what are the characteristics of the dermis?
-thick inner layer -dense fibrous connective tissue -collagen and elastic fibres for strength and elasticity -has blood vessels, sensory receptors, and glands
75
what are the sensory receptors in the dermis specialized for?
-touch -pressure -pain -temperature
76
what are the characteristics of the subcutaneous layer?
-not part of the skin -loose adipose tissue -stores energy -insulates -protects
77
what are the accessory organs of the skin?
-nails -hair -glands
78
what is the purpose of nails?
-offer a protective covering of the fingers and toes
79
what are the parts of the nail?
-nail root (where the nail grows from to cover the nail bed) -cuticle (covers the nail root) -lunula (white half moon at the nail base)
80
what are the main parts of the hair?
-hair follicle -hair shaft -hair bulb -dermal papilla
81
what are hair follicles?
-epidermal structures that surround the hair itself
82
what is the hair shaft?
-portion of hair that protrudes from the skin
83
where does the colour of hair come from? what happens to these as you age?
-melanin from melanocytes -melanocytes produce less pigment (hair turns grey)
84
what are arrector pili muscles?
-attached to the hair follicle -smooth muscle that contracts to give goosebumps
85
what is the hair bulb?
-lowest part of the hair strand -thicker than the rest of the strand
86
what is the dermal papilla?
-cells that regenerate and create the hair shaft
87
what is the hair cuticle?
-layer of dead cells that form a protective layer around the hair strand
88
what is the cortex of the hair?
-main bulk of pigment for the hair -long keratin filaments
89
what are the main glands in the skin?
-sebaceous glands -sudoriferous glands
90
what is the function of the sebaceous glands?
-produce sebum to soften the hair and skin
91
how is acne formed?
-inflammation of the sebaceous glands
92
what does sebum delay?
-bacterial growth
93
what is the function of the sudoriferous glands?
-help to regulate body temp
94
what are the 2 main body cavities?
-ventral -dorsal
95
what does the ventral cavity contain?
-thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities
96
what separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities?
-diaphragm
97
what does the dorsal cavity contain?
-cranial cavity and vertebral canal
98
what does the thoracic cavity contain?
-heart, lungs, and esophagus
99
what does the abdominal cavity contain?
-stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas, gallbladder, and intestines (digestive organs)
100
what does the pelvic cavity contain?
-reproductive and other organs
101
what are the 4 types of body membranes?
-serous membranes -mucous membranes -synovial membranes -meninges
102
what parts of the body are lined by serous membranes?
-closed cavities -surface of organs contained within those cavities
103
what are 3 examples of serous membranes in the body?
-parietal + visceral pleura (thoracic cavity + lungs) -pericardium (heart, forms the pericardial sac) -peritoneum (abdominal cavity)
104
what parts of the body are lined by mucous membranes?
-open cavities (digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems)
105
what are characteristics of mucous membranes?
-epithelium that overlies loose fibrous CT -contains goblet cells to secrete mucus (prevents bacteria from invading the body)
106
what parts of the body are lined by synovial membranes?
-freely moveable joints
107
what are characteristics of synovial membranes?
-loose connective tissue -secrete synovial fluid for lubrication
108
what parts of the body are lined by meninges?
-brain and spinal cord (dorsal cavity)
109
what are the characteristics of meninges?
-composed of connective tissue -3 layers
110
what are the 3 layers of meninges?
-dura mater (white outer tough CT) -arachnoid (thin middle cobweb layer) -pia mater (inner)
111
what is meningitis?
-inflammation of the meninges
112
what is homeostasis?
-the state of a steady internal environment maintained by the body
113
what conditions are kept steady by homeostasis?
-blood glucose -pH -body temp. -oxygen
114
what happens if the conditions vary too much?
-illness
115
what are the parts of the internal environment?
-blood -interstitial fluid
116
what is bloods function?
-delivers oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and carries away carbon dioxide and wastes
117
what is interstitial fluids function?
-exchange substances with surrounding cells
118
which 2 systems are the main coordinators of the other organ systems? which provides long term effects and which provides short term effects?
-nervous system (short) -endocrine system (long)
119
how does the endocrine system maintain control?
-secretes hormones into the blood which travel to target cells and tissues
120
what are the 2 homeostatic mechanisms?
-negative feedback (primary) -positive feedback
121
how does negative feedback act as a homeostatic mechanism?
-uses a sensor and a control center -the systems output brings down the change (opposite direction of original stimulus) -ex: temp. regulation
122
how does positive feedback act as a homeostatic mechanism?
-increases the change (same direction of original stimulus) -can be harmful in some situations (ex: fever) -helpful in other situations (ex: childbirth)
123
how does childbirth utilize the positive feedback mechanism?
-fetus' head pushes against the cervix (stimulus) -brain secretes oxytocin as a response (stronger contractions) -stronger contraction increases oxytocin release -birth of the child stops the positive feedback
124

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