unit 4 overview

Question 1

define the word urbanisation

Answer 1

this refers to the proportion of people living in urban areas compared to rural.

Question 2

in which region were more than half of the 40 megacities located in 2022 and how many new megacities are expected to be icluded in this list?

Answer 2

asia and the pacific
8 new megacities

Question 3

in 1950 what megacities existed

Answer 3

after the founding of the UN new york and tokyo were the only megacities at that time.

Question 4

define urban places

Answer 4

In Australia the ABS ( Australian bureau of statistics) defines an urban places as having 1000 people or more

Question 5

describe the process of urbanisation

Answer 5

refers to the increasing % of a population living in urban areas of a country. This typically involves the movement or shift of people from rural to urban areas or a large influx of migrants into urban areas a greater rate than into rural area

Question 6

there is no clear division between rural and urban areas name hwat the transition zone is known as

Answer 6

rural urban fringe (RUF)

Question 7

what’s the difference between urbanisation and urban growth.

Answer 7

Urbanization refers to the proportion of the total national population living in areas classified as urban, whereas urban growth strictly refers to the absolute number of people living in those areas

Question 8

define livability and list some factors that contibute to liveability of a place

Answer 8

Livability is defined as the quality of space and the built environment. quality of life, health, sense of safety, acess to services, mobility and transport, air quality and social participation all contribute to the liveability of a place

Question 9

what are some examples of unique cultural environmental characteristic that ccan effect livability

Answer 9

Historic structure, mature trees, traditional architectural styles, streetscapes

Question 10

whats an example of something that has effected livability

Answer 10

9. Due to COVID-19 effected culture, environment and healthcare categories. this causing a decline in ranking for some australian cities in the 2022 EUI global liveability index

Question 11

describe the implications of urbaisation on world population growth in urban places

Answer 11

-younger generations moving to urban places

• enabling lower mortality rates for children and but also decreased fertility as women are given more opportinites in the workforce.
• 2030 eight new cities are expected to be included on the mega city list.
• Mega cites include both developing and developed nations yet the experiences has by its people can be poles apart depending on where its located, with some developing megacities like jakarta in indonesia.

Question 12

implications of urban isation on world population growth in rural places

Answer 12

as urban populations increase rural populations decrease. Younger generations migrate to urban areas for better employment, education and social experiences. This decreasing birth rates and results in an ageinf rural population.

This occurred in north hampton which experienced a decline in population growth of 4.3% .
Less employment opportunities for females in rural areas therefore moving to urban further decreasing fertility rates in the area.

Question 13

provide 2 economic examples demonstrating the interdependance of urban and rural places

Answer 13

Agricultural products to be consumed locally and exported nationally and internationall markets is a significant interaction between rural and urban places.
- dairy eggs and meat produced in rural areas transported to urban places for processing and distribution this demonstrating their interdependance. Aus currently exports more agricultural products than it imports with 70% goining to china japan india and USA.

Mining and forestrys located rurally
- providing jobs to urban citiznes via fifo.
- urban then house the head offices and head departments 25-40 % of all office space in perths CBD is inked to the mining and exploration industry.

Some head offices located in perth include fortescue metals, woodside, BHP and rio tinto. These urban areas supply tradesspeople and professions involved in the fifo process.

Question 14

provide 2 envionmental examples demonstrating the interdependance of urban and rural places

Answer 14

rural places = short term lifestyle experiences often provided by the environment. to experience an escape, recreation and reconnecting with nature. the bibblumen track in the southwest of WA. In the longer term urban dwellers may seek to relocate to rural places due to percieved of real benefits in term of lifestyle, environment, space and safety. Mandurah and busselton have suffered from this.

The dumping of physical and chemical wastes typically takes place in these areas as theres a small populations if any that wil be potentially effected. Practices in agriculture mining and fisheries, aimed primarily at meeting the needs of urban places have the potential to adversly impact tfarmland, coastal, marine forest ecosystems in rural areas.

Question 15

describe the historical facotrs that have contributed to the spatial distribution of urban and rural places in australia

Answer 15

• Settlement and timing of settlement is significant for spatial distribution of urban and rural places in aus.
  
  • Aus established by 6 different colonies there for having 6 separate capital cities.
  • All located near rivers or coast to enable imports and exports of goods at ports.
  • Road and rail transport also grew to connect.
    Syd, hobart, bris, perth established as convict settlements meaning there was high levels of security limitiing access to other locations preventing creation of new urban places.

Question 16

describe cultural factors that have contributed to the spatial distribution of urban and rural places in aus

Answer 16

• This related to the individuals and societies values/wants/needs
  
  • Aus loves outdoors and especially for the coastal lifestyle thus influencing dense settlement along the coast,
  • Private car ownership has resulted in some of the lagest places covering more area than most other cities
  • Rural-urban drift caused many younger generations to move to urban areas for a tertary education, employment and social oppurtunities
  • in contrast Retirees seeking peace move to smaller urban places leading these places to increase in size like mandurah perth where they can enjoy activites like fishing

Question 17

describe economic factors that have contributed to the spatial distribution of urban and rural places in aus

Answer 17

• Larger capital cities and ports continued to be centers of economic activites.
  
  • has created a form of economic intertia where change has been resisted.such as freo port facilities moving to geraldton or kwinanna but they’ve been deemed as too expensive or impracticle
    Finacncial, banking, investments, retail, land development, transport have all their operation in these large urban centers

Question 18

describe environmental factors that have contributed to the spatial distribution of urban and rural places in aus

Answer 18

Climate
- Southern half of aus dominated by seasonal mediterainina warm temperate and cool temperate climates which was favoursed by the first settlers over the drier northern areas for the good seasonal rainfall and mild emps
- Inland regions wold be able to support agricultural production similar to the UK.
- areas with semi arid and arid climates in interior and north north west extremties cannot support agricultural activities.

Topography
- Flat coastal plains along the coastlines have resulted in the extensive low density nature of australias larger urban places.
North wests sand dunes nd stoney deserts have prevented perminant land use and settlement

Question 19

outline how the changing demographi cof age effects distribution in urban and rural places

Answer 19

Urban places-
ages20-49 largest group living in larger urban placesmaking up 44% of combined capital city population. 50 and over made up 32% in capital cities

Rural places-
lower population + ageing population with long standing residednts to remain.
- high % of 50 -85yr-olds.
- Rural towns where internal resources are found and extracted have a high % of 20-44yr olds due to work.

For example : 2006 median age in town telfer was 29 in 2021 median changed to 34yrs males making up 74.6% of the population

Question 20

outline how the changing demographic of gender effects distribution in urban and rural places

Answer 20

The ratio in australia is 99.2 meaning thers slightly more females than males. In combined capital cities this decreases to 98.4 indicating there is a shift to high number of females In capitals then urban places. Females have a longer life expectancy. The population in which have more men are remote places of emplyment

Question 21

outline how the changing demographic trends of australias population in terms of socioeconmic. and provide in urban and rural examples

Answer 21

Urban places- higher socioeconomic status.
- highest avg incomes as these plasces offer large naumber of emplyment and sepcialised and professional services that have higher salaries.
- Housing prices are higher
- They have both extremes of weath and povery
-a higher amount of teriary education: postgrad degree median $1747 per week. Lowest were those without non-school qualifications $900 per week

Rural-
- Lower avg income due to more retirees ans samller range of jobs
- However some agricultural locations have higher income such as salmon gums close to esperance ranks as one of the highest avg income in rural aus
- The FIFO model has led to a decline in construction activities associated with the Mining boom resulting in a change of socioeconomic trends EXAMPLE: marble bar median $1035 in 2021 and $1410 in 2016.

Question 22

outline how the changing demographic of culture effects distribution in urban and rural places

Answer 22

• Australia very culturally diverse
  
  • Over time the migration prompted a mix of economic growth global events and government policy resulting in the changing demographic characteristics.
    1840- victorian gold rushes prompted large numbers of migrants from britain, europe and china
    1978- australia adopted a national multicultural policy.
    2000s to current- refugees and asylum seekers from countries such as afgan, pakistan, iraq, sudan
  • 2021 census 51.5% of australian residents that were born overseas or have parents born overseas. Most of these residents are from england, india, china, new zealand, philipeans

Urban places-
- Have the greatest cultural mix.
- Migrants more likey to move to urban places as there likely to move to a place wjere tjeir relatives or people they know from their original location known as chain migration
- Melbourne has the biggest greek population as well as indian and vietnam
- Perth has a higher proportion of brittish, southafrican and middle eastern migrants

Rural- attract migrants with skill that can be applied to land use that are found in that area.
- The reviverina region along the murray river NSW victoria, for its production of market garden grown fruits and vegetables.

Question 23

define urban sprawl

Answer 23

Urban sprawl: refers to the urban spread of typically low density residensity and urban development on the peripheryof urban areas.

perth Spreading 150kmalong the coast with average resident roughly 21kms from the CBD.

Question 24

define invasion and succession

Answer 24

refers to the gradual invasion of one land use type into an area dominated by a different land use, succession has occurred when the invading land use has almost completely transformed the land use in that particular zone.

Question 25

defone renewal

Answer 25

is the rehabilitation of urban areas by regeneration, replacement, repair or renovation in accordance with comprehenssive plans, usually initaiated by the government= larger plans

Example: east perth redevelopment
- Many built in the 20th century with abandonded factories and polluted environments over a decade they redeveloped and salaged these structures transporting clairsbrook creek to clairsbrook cove.

Question 26

define land use planning

Answer 26

planning policies and regulations that play an important role in hsaping the land use characteristics of urban and rural places.

includes land use zoning, transport planning, grouping of compatible land uses and buffer zones between incompatible land uses determining residential densities , renewal project and planning for future growth.

Question 27

define land use competition

Answer 27

The competition that occurs between different land use functions when more than one land use form can benefit form a particular location.
- competition increases the value and usually the land use that can deliver highest return on investment will locate in that particular area.

eg. centre of an urban area as the most accessible and therefore desirable and the most expensive.

Question 28

define inertia

Answer 28

the resistance to movement for example factories that would benefit from changing location but instead decisions aare made to keeep them where they are located.

due to high relocation costs, being heritage listed remain in their original site due to cultural or historical significance. johns Anglican church in Albany CBD which is surrounded by buildings which make more economic sense

Question 29

define agglomeration

Answer 29

a group of similar but not necessarily the same, land use that locate in tbe same area in order to benefit from common infrastructure and eachothers operation.

This explains why retail, educational, medical and recreational functions can be found grouped together.
Professional services such as lawyers are typically loacted close to the law courts in most aus capitals

Question 30

list 4 challenges faced by places located outside major cities in aus

Answer 30

population loss, transportation, declining political influence, Fly In Fly Out work patterns

Question 31

explain why population loss presents a challenge to rural/remote places

Answer 31

Although aus population continues to grow rural and remote location are beginning to decline due to:
* Young people movig to urban areas for education and employment
* Loss of employment due to increased competition in agriculture
* Increased mechanisation of farming processes
* Amalgamations and corporation of small farm holdings

EXAMPLE: Between 2012 -2018 the combined population of australias capital grew by 1.8 million but during the same period a rural town meekathara population declined by 31%

Question 32

explain why transportation presents a challenge to a place located outside of an Aus capital.

Answer 32

• Car ownership rises means public transport costs rise and arent vaible resulting in closure
  Private vehicals = fuel, maintanance and an accelerated deteriation of the vehicle due to long car trips as it may be located on the otherwise of town

Lack of suitable roads and bridges to travel on as they’re unsealed which carries safety hazards. In the NT outside of Darwin there is only 5 major sealed roads.
* Unsealed roads built for dry season closed in wet season

lead to isolation in march to april 2022 wet weather in midwest and murchinson cut off the Pia Wadjarri remote community and pastrol station from supplies

Question 33

explain why declining influence presents a challange for a place located outside of capital cities in Australia

Answer 33

• Declining population in rural and remote places less voices making people living in these areas not as powerful as before
  The division of Durack covers 51% of wa landmass but dispite its size only one member of parliament represent this vast region of Autralia and has the challenge of representing all electorate’s diverse needs and unique issues:
  • Impact of the mining boom and issues with FIFO work force
  • Pressures on farmers due to costs, climate change, biosecurity and global competition
  • Lack of ‘closing the gap’ for aboriginal and Torres strait islander peoples
  • Environmental issues like salinity, soil degradation, pollution, water security, waste management and biodiversity loss.

Question 34

explain why FIFO work patterns presents a challenge for places located outside of australian capital cities.

Answer 34

• Provides benefits to mining company as they don’t have to provide as many services or facilities.
  
  • economic leakage or loss of revenue to local buisnesses as spending declines
  • Fifo workers take salary back to their place of residence which is often urban.
  • Local shops are unable to compete with the wages offered by mining companies and will close down as a result.

in 1996 Telfer a small mining community converted to FIFO.
- The workers now live in dongas with no connection to the local community = town lost commersial services and existing housing

The 2021 census telfer had a population of 657 people with 74.6% being male. This poses issues with safety and sense of identity in the town.

Question 35

With specific examples what is meant by rural-urban drift

Answer 35

The general movement of people from urban areas to rural areas.
2018-19 north hampton experienced a decline of 4.3%

Question 36

Out line one livability factor that can influence each of the following aspects
- Environemnt
- Social
-economic

Answer 36

Transport is one factor that influences the liveability. Transport allows people to get frm one destination to another enableing people to sociallise, travel and get goods and service benefitting the people socially. Transport however negatively impacts the environmwnt as in australia especially perth has suffered large amounts of urbanisation with urban areas traveling 120km along the coast, therefore having to travel further using more petrol and releasing larger amounts of carbon emmisions. These roads and traillines also lead to the clearing of tree and environments further impacting the environment. To use private vehicles and oublic transport cost money due to other expenses including petrol and manufactoring the roads or vehicles. This money contributing an imcome to workers employed at the manufactoring place or public transport imployee’s.

Question 37

With specific examples define urban and rural places.

Answer 37

The ABS defines urban places as places which have a population cluster of more than 1000 people in it and rural places as a having population clusters with less than 1000 people
An example of an urban place woult be perth as it has a population of 2.1 million and a rural place like meekathara with a population of approximately 800