UNIT 4: PART 1

Question 1

What are the three stages involved in the process of interacting with the environment?

Answer 1

1. A stimulus is detected by receptors.
2. The stimulus is relayed and interpreted by coordination systems.
3. The organism responds through effectors.

Question 2

What are receptors?

Answer 2

Structures used to detect stimuli.

Question 3

How can receptors be classified?

Answer 3

By the location of the stimuli they detect:
* Interoceptors
* Exteroceptors
* Proprioceptors

Question 4

What do interoceptors detect?

Answer 4

Internal conditions of the body.

Question 5

What do exteroceptors detect?

Answer 5

External conditions of the environment.

Question 6

Where are proprioceptors located?

Answer 6

In the inner ear and the locomotive system (muscles, tendons, articulations).

Question 7

What is the role of the eye in the sense of sight?

Answer 7

Detects light stimuli through photoreceptors.

Question 8

What are the two types of photoreceptors in the retina?

Answer 8

• Rods
• Cones

Question 9

What is the function of rods?

Answer 9

Detect intensity of light and operate in low-light conditions.

Question 10

What is the function of cones?

Answer 10

Provide detailed color vision.

Question 11

What is the role of the iris?

Answer 11

Regulates the amount of light entering the eye by adjusting pupil size.

Question 12

What is accommodation in relation to the crystalline lens?

Answer 12

The process of changing the curvature of the lens to focus light on the retina.

Question 13

What is the vestibular system responsible for?

Answer 13

Balance, containing proprioceptors for spatial orientation.

Question 14

What do olfactory cells detect? Say their names and their functions.

Answer 14

They detect substances dissolved in the air.
* Olfactor mucosa: holds chermoreceptors.
* Olfactory bulb: collect electrical impulses.
* Olfactory nerve: transmits nerve impulses.

Question 15

What are taste buds? What are its parts?

Answer 15

Chemoreceptors on the tongue that detect substances dissolved in liquids. It is devided in two parts:
* Taste receptors, which detect the pressense of substances
* Nerve endings, which carry out the information of the taste buds to the CNS.

Question 16

What types of receptors are involved in the sense of touch?

Answer 16

• Mechanoreceptors: sensitive to pressure changes (Meissner’s corpuscles detec slight pressure changes while Pacinian corpuscles detec noticeable pressure changes).
• Thermoreceptors: sensitive to temperature changes (Krause’s corpuscles detect decrease in temperature while Ruffini’s corpuscles detect increase in temperature).
• Nociceptors: they detect pain, which are the free nerve endings.

Question 17

What is the role of the nervous system?

Answer 17

Processes information from receptors and coordinates responses.

Question 18

What are the two major types of coordinating systems?

Answer 18

• Nervous system
• Endocrine system

Question 19

What does the central nervous system (CNS) consist of?

Answer 19

Brain and spinal cord.

Question 20

What is the function of the cerebrum?

Answer 20

Interprets sensory information and controls cognitive skills.

Question 21

What is the function of the cerebellum?

Answer 21

Coordinates muscle action.

Question 22

What does the peripheral nervous system (PNS) include?

Answer 22

Sensory nerves that transmit information to and from the CNS.

Question 23

What are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 23

• Autonomic nervous system
• Somatic nervous system

Question 24

What is the function of the autonomic nervous system? What does it innervate?

Answer 24

1. Controls involuntary processes such as heartbeat and digestion.
2. It innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

Question 25

What is the function of the somatic nervous system?

Answer 25

Regulates voluntary and reflex movements in skeletal muscles.

Question 26

What is a nerve impulse?

Answer 26

An electrical signal that travels through the nervous system.

Question 27

What are the three types of neurons?

Answer 27

* Sensory neurons: detect external stimuli. * Motor neurons: sends responses from the central nervous system to the effectors. * Relay neurons: link to other neurons that form a network within the central nervous system. They take part in producing responses.

Question 28

What is the soma of a neuron?

Answer 28

The cell body containing the nucleus.

Question 29

What do synapses do?

Answer 29

Connect the axon of one neuron with another neuron or effector.

Question 30

True or False: The spinal cord is responsible for all reflex actions.

Answer 30

False. Some reflexes are directly activated by the spinal cord, but not all actions.

Question 31

What is the longest extension of the cell body in a neuron? And what's its function?

Answer 31

It is the axon. They carry ongoing responses.

Question 32

What are short protrusions that transmit incoming nerve impulses to a neuron? What do they do?

Answer 32

Dendrites. They transmit incoming nerve impulses.

Question 33

What structures connect the axon of one neuron with another neuron or effector?

Answer 33

Synapses

Question 34

What are substances that relay impulses between neighboring cells?

Answer 34

Neurotransmitters

Question 35

What are the changes that the human body experiences when coordinating systems detect stimuli?

Answer 35

Responses

Question 36

What are organs, tissues, or cells that carry out responses?

Answer 36

Effectors

Question 37

Motor responses involve movement and are carried out by what?

Answer 37

Muscles

Question 38

What type of responses involve the production and secretion of substances?

Answer 38

Secretory responses

Question 39

What is the set of responses that humans produce in the presence of stimuli?

Answer 39

Behavior

Question 40

What type of behavior is acquired through experience and can be modified?

Answer 40

Learned behavior

Question 41

What type of behavior is inherited biologically and does not have to be learned?

Answer 41

Innate behavior

Question 42

What are automatic, involuntary, and instantaneous responses coordinated by the nervous system?

Answer 42

Reflexes

Question 43

What are complex, innate responses to certain stimuli that require long-lasting action?

Answer 43

Instincts

Question 44

What are the common disorders of sense organs? Explain them

Answer 44

* Genetic disorders: born with sense organs that may be dysfunctional. Such as blindness, deafness, or anosmia. * Injuries and infectiuos diseases: severe injuries and diseases to sense organs and nearby nerve structures that may lead to perception disorders. Such as phantosmia and dysgeusia. * Degenerative diseases: sense organs become gradially impared over the years. Ex: persbyopia, cataracts and progressive deafness.

Question 45

Coordinating systems disorders

Answer 45

* Medullary lesions: severe traumas may leadto spinal cord injuries and may even sever it. Ex: paraplegia and tetraplegia. * Infectious diseases: They are contagious diseases produced by microorganisms and can be fight back by vaccines. * Degenerative diseases: caused by a progressive loss of neuronal cells that brings about changes in behavior. Two common neurodegenerative diseases affecting Alzheimer's, Parkinson’s disease. * Mental disorders: They may lead to behavioral disorders and changes in the way we relate to others. Ex: schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, stress.

Question 46

What are substances that cause abnormalities in the nervous system?

Answer 46

Drugs

Question 47

What are the four classifications of drugs based on their effects on the nervous system?

Answer 47

* Depressants: typically slow the motor and cognitive skills of the central nervous system. * Narcotics: inhibit the transmission of nerve impusles associated with pain. * Stimulants: stimulate the central nervous system, causing euphoria and delaying the onset of fatigue. * Hallucinogens: act on the central nervous system, causing false perceptions and hallucinations.

Question 48

Fill in the blank: A drug is any _______ substance that causes abnormalities in the nervous system.

Answer 48

harmful

Question 49

What are some healthy lifestyle recommendations to avoid disruptions in the body's ability to respond?

Answer 49

Lead a physically and mentally active lifestyle, eat a balanced diet, get enough sleep, maintain proper body posture, maintain hygiene of sense organs.