Unit 4 (part 1&2) DNA

Question 1

Swiss chemist Identified the DNA while studying white blood cell
Later called it — changed to — deoxyribonucleic acid / DNA

Answer 1

Friedrich Miescher
Nuclein
Nucleic Acid

Question 2

Timeline
(Yr) nuclein
Phosphate-sugar-base
Other DNA molecule
X-ray crystallography
Double stranded DNA

Answer 2

Friedrich Miescher
Phoebus Levene
Erwin Chargaff
Rosalind F. & Maurice W.
James W. & Francis C.

Question 3

1st scientist to formulate an accurate description of this molecule’s complex (double-helix structure)
(Yr) - noble price in — & —

Answer 3

Watson and Crick
Physiology & Medicine

Question 4

Something from the dead type S bacteria was transforming the type R bacteria and S. Griffith called this process —

Answer 4

transformation

Question 5

S-bacteria =
R-bacteria =
Heated s-bacteria =
Mixed s&r bacteria =

Answer 5

Mouse dies = s-bacteria cell found in heart
Mouse lives = no bacterial cell
Mouse lives = no bacterial cell
Mouse dies = s-bacteria cell found in heart

Question 6

Phases of genetic material of T2 Phage

Answer 6

Phage attaches to E.coli, inject chromosomes
Chromosomes breaks down and replicates
Generates phage structural components
Phage particles assemble
Bacterial cell wall lyses release phages

Question 7

Leading up to the Discovery….
1868:
1910:
1928:
1944:
1950:
1952:
1953:

Answer 7

DNA “Saga” began when Swiss
biochemist Miescher isolated Nuclein
Levene - Tetranucleotide Hypothesis
Griffith - Transforming Principle
Avery, MacLeod & McCarty - DNA is
Transforming Principle
Chargaff’s Rules - A=T, G=C
Hershey & Chase - Blender Experiment
Watson & Crick - A Structure for DNA

Question 8

Who
X-ray diffraction work on ram sperm and DNA
photographs of DNA showing crystalline structure

Answer 8

Maurice Wilkins

Question 9

Who
English physical chemist and x-ray crystallographer expert
Previously worked on x-ray diffraction patterns in coal and carbon

Answer 9

Rosalind Franklin

Question 10

“We realized that if DNA was
the gene material, then we
had just shown that genes
could crystalize…”

Answer 10

Raymond Gosling

Question 11

Discovered 2 forms of DNA: - form (——) and -
form (——)
Focused on the crystalline “-“ form while Wilkins was interested in “-“ form, as it was the biological form

Answer 11

Rosalind F.
A
Dehydrated
B
Hydrated

Question 12

solved basic mathematics of helical diffraction
theory

Answer 12

Alec stokes

Question 13

Taken by Raymond Gosling in March 1952 under franklin’s instructions

Answer 13

Photograph 51

Question 14

Information molecule
Polymers
Monomers are called —
Thousands of shorter segments of — called —

Answer 14

DNA
DNA molecules
Nucleotides
Genes

Question 15

Nucleotides monomers built from 3 simple molecular parts;

Answer 15

Deoxyribose sugar,
Phosphate group, and
Nitrogenous base

Question 16

— orientation and is important for the copying of DNA
DNA strand are connected by —

Answer 16

Antiparallel
Hydrogen bonds

Question 17

Creates consistency in the nucleotide sequence of the two DNA polymers….

Answer 17

Complementary base pairing

Question 18

Biological Function of DNA
• DNA polymers direct the production of other polymers called ——
• A chromosome consists of smaller segments called ——
> Each gene is further divided into three nucleotide subsegments called ——

Answer 18

proteins
genes
codons

Question 19

Replication always starts at specific locations on the
DNA, which are called ——
>In E.coli, origin about ——
>two Y-shaped structures called —— replication bubble.

Answer 19

origins of replication
245 base pairs long
replication forks forming

Question 20

Enumeration
Unwinds parental double helix at replication forks
Binds and stabilizes
Relieves overwinding strain
Synthesize RNA primer at 5’ end = 5’ end
Use of parental DNA as a template
Removes RNA nucleotides of primer from 5’ end replace DNA nucleotides
Joins Okazaki fragments

Answer 20

Helicase
SSBP
Topoisomerase
Primase
DNA pol III
DNA pol I
DNA ligase

Question 21

ENUMERATION
DNA REPLICATION (THeSis PDOLLi)

Answer 21

Topoisomerase
Helicase
SSBP
Primase
DNA pol III
DNA pol I
DNA ligase

Question 22

Single strand
Composed of ——

Answer 22

RNA
Sugar
Phosphate
Phosphodiester linkage
Nitrogenous base
A,G,U,C

Question 23

RNA Synthesis / Transcription

• Initiation Stage
a.
b.
•—— Stage
• Termination Stage
a.
Exons-
Introns-

Answer 23

Promoter Region
RNA polymerase
Elongation
Termination region
protein coding regions
protein non-coding regions

Question 24

Protein synthesis/ Translation

• — nitrogenous bases are grouped into three called “——”
•—— codons in the genetic code
• Start codon:
• Stop codons:

Answer 24

mRNA
codons
64
AUG (methionine)
UGA, UAG, UAA

Question 25

• Translation process: a. Initiation Stage 1. 2. 3. 4.

Answer 25

Small ribosomal unit attached to the start codon of mRNA. Amino acid brought by specific tRNA TRNA anticodon will complement with the mRNA codon. Attachment of the large ribosomal unit (with A, P, and E sites) completing the translation complex.

Question 26

b. Elongation process -Large ribosomal subunit: receiving the incoming amino acid. where the peptide bond between amino acid formed Exit site of uncharged tRNA

Answer 26

A site (aminoacyl tRNA binding site) P site (peptidyl tRNA binding site E site

Question 27

c. Termination stage -elongation stops when….

Answer 27

it reaches the stop codons (UGA, UAG, UAA).

Question 28

Gene repair Base — & — repairs Base — repair — — repair Mechanism of double strand break

Answer 28

Mismatches & mismatch Excision Nucleotide excision Homologous recombination Non homologous end joining

Question 29

Central Dogma of Biology

Answer 29

DNA (replication) RNA (transcription) PROTEIN (translation)

Question 30

Applications of CMB — removal of cells, tissue or organs. — aseptic cultivation — removal of cells — main genetic materials of cellular organisms — sequencing, analysis One way of conserving germ-plasm resources

Answer 30

Cell & tissue culture DNA-based technologies (gene expression, genetic engineering, molecular/DNA marker) Tissue culture In plants In animals DNA DNA technology Preserving DNA

Question 31

Basic unit of heredity Variant form of given gene

Answer 31

Gene Allele

Question 32

Give the ff; Uses of information in general expression Uses of genetic engineering How molecular markers used in DNA analysis

Answer 32

Gene information describing crop phenology prediction of crop growth status under stress Evaluation of the effect of fertilizer Plant protection Molecular design breeding Quality improvements Collection of samples DNA extraction Quality & quantity checking PCR Gel electrophoresis & viewing Scoring and analysis

Question 33

Enumeration DNA markers; SNP RAPD AFLP SSR STR

Answer 33

Single nucleotide polymorphism Random amplified polymorphic DNA Amplified fragment length polymorphism Simple sequence repeats Single tandem repeat

Question 34

In vitro process which aims to make many copies of DNA region

Answer 34

PCR

Question 35

Application of DNA marker analysis in rice researches

Answer 35

Gene Mapping, Cloning and Marker Assisted Breeding Cultivar identification & analysis of seed purity Evaluation of germplasm resources