Unit 4 Part 2- Personality, Motivation, and Emotion

Question 1

Psychodynamic Theory of Personality

Answer 1

a psychological perspective that explains behavior by analyzing the interplay of unconscious mental forces, particularly drives, desires, and conflicts often rooted in childhood experiences, with a primary focus on the structures of the mind (id, ego, and superego) as outlined by Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory; essentially, it suggests that our personality is shaped by these unconscious forces that we may not be fully aware of, and that early life events play a crucial role in shaping our behavior as adults

Question 2

Lewin: Approach- Approach Conflict

Answer 2

one of Kurt Lewin’s basic types of conflict; conflict dilemma where an individual is attracted to 2 appealing goals; the stress in this type of conflict is the fact that in choosing one desirable option, the individual must give up another desirable option

Question 3

Lewin: Approach-Avoidance conflict

Answer 3

one of Kurt Lewin’s basic types of conflict; conflict dilemma where an individual is both attracted to and repelled by the same goal; the most common form of conflict; there is both good and bad about the goal; the tendency to avoid increases as an individual gets closer to the goal

Question 4

Lewin: Avoidance- Avoidance conflict

Answer 4

one of Kurt Lewin’s basic types of conflict; conflict dilemma where an individual is attracted to 2 possibilities are undesirable or threatening and do not any positive features; people tend to “escape” the situation or choose the possibility which is the least worst or wait for the situation to resolve the conflict for the individual

Question 5

Lewin: multiple approach-avoidance conflict

Answer 5

A conflict involving a choice between two or more options, each of which has both positive and negative aspects

Question 6

Facial Feedback

Answer 6

The idea that facial expressions trigger the experience of emotion

Question 7

Motivation

Answer 7

Feelings or ideas that cause us to act toward a goal

Question 8

Instincts

Answer 8

automatic, involuntary, and unlearned responses. common motivation for animals, not in humans

Question 9

Arousal Theory

Answer 9

we are motivated by activities that help us achieve our needed level of stimulation

Question 10

Instinct Theory of Motivation

Answer 10

all organisms are born with innate biological tendencies that help them survive. This theory suggests that instincts drive most behaviors of animals

Question 11

Drive Reduction Theory of Motivation

Answer 11

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

Question 12

Homeostasis

Answer 12

is the tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; theregulation of any aspect of body chemistry.

Question 13

Yerkes- Dodson Law

Answer 13

we might perform well at an easy task with a very high arousal level the same high level would worsen our performance on a difficult task- moderate arousal is best for most tasks

Question 14

Basal Metabolic Rate

Answer 14

This is the rate that we burn energy when at rest. (Ex:)When semi-starved, people will see their basal metabolic rate drop by about a quarter. And thus, their weight drops then stabilizes at about 75% of their normal weight.

Question 15

Environment Eating Cues

Answer 15

Some of us eat even though our hypothalamus is not sending us any cues. If you are motivated to eat by external cues, such as stress, smell, or just the fact that food is in front of you, then you are en external. If you are more motivated to eat by internal cues, empty stomach, feelings of hunger, then you are an internal.

Question 16

Hypothalamus

Answer 16

Part of the brain that controls hunger and thirst (receives neural messages from the liver)

Question 17

Self-Actualization

Answer 17

A realization of fulfillment of one’s talents and potential

Question 18

Incentive theory of motivation

Answer 18

Theory that focuses on motivation, involves concepts of conditioning, homeostasis and positive reinforcement

Question 19

Extrinsic Motivation

Answer 19

Behavior that is driven by external rewards such as money

Question 20

Intrinsic Motivation

Answer 20

Behaviors that are driven by internal rewards

Question 21

Self-Efficacy

Answer 21

One’s belief in one’s ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task

Question 22

Humanistic Theories of Personality

Answer 22

Rogers, Maslow and Kelly Theories that personality is based on human needs and growth

Question 23

Self-concept

Answer 23

an idea of the self constructed from the beliefs one holds about oneself and the responses of others

Question 24

Unconditional Positive Regard

Answer 24

attitude of grace, an attitude that values us even knowing our failings

Question 25

Trait Theories of Personality

Answer 25

Combination and integration of traits form a personality

Question 26

Big Five Personality Traits

Answer 26

openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism are the traits used to determine personality

Question 27

Factor Analysis

Answer 27

A statistically procedure that Ids clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to ID different dimensions of a performance that underlie ones total score

Question 28

Self Serving Bias

Answer 28

A readiness to preceive oneself favorably.

Question 29

Reciprocal Determinism

Answer 29

a theory proposed by Albert Bandura that states a person's behavior is influenced by and influences both their internal factors (thoughts, feelings) and their external environment, meaning all three elements constantly interact and impact each other in a cyclical manner; essentially, your behavior can shape your environment, and your environment can shape your behavior, creating a continuous feedback loop

Question 30

Personality- definition

Answer 30

A person’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

Question 31

Ego Defensive mechanisms

Answer 31

A defence mechanism is a coping technique that reduces anxiety arising from unacceptable or potentially harmful stimuli. Defence mechanisms are unconscious and are not to be confused with conscious coping strategies. Sigmund Freud was one of the first proponents of this construct.

Question 32

Repression

Answer 32

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.

Question 33

Displacement

Answer 33

psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet.

Question 34

Reaction formation

Answer 34

In psychoanalytic theory, defensive process (defense mechanism) in which emotions and impulses which are anxiety-producing or perceived to be unacceptable are mastered by exaggeration.

Question 35

Rationalization

Answer 35

Psychoanalytic defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions.

Question 36

Regression

Answer 36

psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated.

Question 37

Denial

Answer 37

psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities.

Question 38

Sublimation

Answer 38

psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people re-channel their unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities.

Question 39

Projection

Answer 39

a defense mechanism where someone unconsciously attributes their own unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or behaviors to another person, essentially "projecting" their own internal state onto someone else to avoid confronting it within themselves

Question 40

Social-Cognitive Theory

Answer 40

a psychological perspective that suggests people learn behaviors primarily through observing others, interacting with their environment, and considering their own thoughts and beliefs, emphasizing the dynamic interplay between personal factors, behavior, and the environment

Question 41

Self-esteem

Answer 41

a person's overall evaluation of their own worth, essentially how positively or negatively they feel about themselves, encompassing their beliefs about their abilities, value, and self-image

Question 42

Personality Inventory

Answer 42

a self-report questionnaire where individuals respond to a series of statements designed to assess various aspects of their personality traits, usually by indicating whether the statement applies to them as "true" or "false," allowing psychologists to gauge their overall personality profile

Question 43

Optimal Level of Arousal

Answer 43

the ideal level of physiological and psychological alertness where an individual is motivated to maintain, meaning not too aroused (stressed) and not too relaxed (bored)

Question 44

Self-Determination Theory

Answer 44

a motivational theory that proposes individuals are most motivated when their basic psychological needs for autonomy (feeling in control), competence (feeling capable), and relatedness (feeling connected to others) are fulfilled, leading to intrinsic motivation and personal growth

Question 45

Sensation-Seeking Theory

Answer 45

a motivational trait where individuals actively search for experiences, thrills or adventures, experience disinhibition, and boredom susceptibility.

Question 46

Ghrelin

Answer 46

a hormone primarily produced in the stomach that is often called the "hunger hormone" because it signals the brain to stimulate appetite and the desire to eat when stomach is empty

Question 47

Leptin

Answer 47

a hormone produced by fat cells that signals the hypothalamus about the body's fat stores, essentially acting as a "satiety" signal to regulate appetite; when leptin levels are high, it indicates the body has enough fat and suppresses hunger

Question 48

Pituitary Gland

Answer 48

the pituitary gland is not directly responsible for hunger, but it is controlled by the hypothalamus, which is the brain region that regulates hunger signals by releasing hormones that influence appetite through the pituitary gland

Question 49

Affect (emotion)

Answer 49

the observable expression of an emotion, encompassing the outward display of feelings through facial expressions, body language, and tone of voice, essentially describing how someone "appears" to be feeling, rather than the internal emotional experience itself; it is often used interchangeably with the term "emotion" in this context

Question 50

broaden-and-build theory

Answer 50

positive emotions expand an individual's momentary thought-action repertoire, allowing them to consider a wider range of ideas and actions, which in turn builds personal resources like social connections, physical health, and cognitive skills over time, essentially enhancing their overall well-being

Question 51

Universal emotions

Answer 51

a set of emotions, typically identified as happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust, that are believed to be recognized and expressed through facial expressions across different cultures

Question 52

Display rules

Answer 52

the socially learned norms that govern how and when individuals express their emotions, varying significantly across different cultures, essentially dictating what emotions are appropriate to show in a given situation and to what degree

Question 53

elicitors

Answer 53

stimuli, like a specific event, image, or person's facial expression, that trigger or "elicit" a particular emotional response in an individual; essentially, anything that causes someone to feel a specific emotion