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AP HUG > Unit 4- Political Organization Of Space > Flashcards

Unit 4- Political Organization Of Space Flashcards

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0
Q

Antarctica

A

No one owns it

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1
Q

Annexation

A

the formal act of acquiring something (especially territory) by conquest or occupation

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2
Q

Apartheid

A

the segregation of blacks in South Aftrica from 1948-1994

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3
Q

Balkanization

A

the term used when referring to the fragmentation or breakup of a region or country into smaller regions or countries

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4
Q

Border landscape

A

there are two types: exclusionary, meant for keeping people out, and inclusionary, meant to facilitate trade and movement

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5
Q

Buffer state

A

an independent but small and weak country lying between two powerful countries

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6
Q

Capital

A

principle city in a state or country

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7
Q

Centrifugal

A

forces within a state that divide people

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8
Q

Centripetal

A

forces within a state that unify people

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9
Q

City-state

A

a sovereign state compromising a city and its immediate hinterland

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10
Q

Colonialism

A

attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory

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11
Q

Confederation

A

a group of states united for a common purpose

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12
Q

Conference of Berlin (1884)

A

Regulated trade and colonization in Africa. It formalized the scramble to gain colonies in Africa and set up boundaries for each country’s colonies

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13
Q

periphery

A

Weakest structural and economic position in the world system

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14
Q

Core

A

processes that incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology: generate more wealth than periphery process in the word economy

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15
Q

Decolonization

A

the action of changing from colonial to independent status

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16
Q

Devolution

A

the process of declining from a higher to a lower level of effective power or vitality or essential quality

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17
Q

Domino theory

A

the political theory that if one nation comes under Communist control then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control

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18
Q

EZZ (Exclusive Economic Zone)

A

enerally a state’s EEZ extends to a distance of 200 nautical miles (370 km) out from its coast. The exception to this rule occurs when EEZs would overlap; that is, state coastal baselines are less than 400 nautical miles apart. When an overlap occurs, it is up to the states to delineate the actual boundary.[1] Generally, any point within an overlapping area defaults to the most proximate state

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19
Q

Electoral regions

A

The different voting districts that make up local, state, and national regions.

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20
Q

Enclave/exclave

A

An enclave is a country or part of a country mostly surrounded by the territory of another country or wholly lying within the boundaries of another country (Lesotho). An exclave is a country which is geographically separated from the main part by surrounding alien territory (Azerbaijan).

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21
Q

Ethnic conflict

A

type of conflict that occurs when different tribes are lumped together to form a country

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22
Q

European Union

A

an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members

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23
Q

Federal

A

any federal law-enforcement officer

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24
Forward capital
capital city positioned in actually or potentially contested territory usually near an international border, it confirms the states determination to maintain its presence in the region in contention
25
Frontier
an undeveloped field of study
26
Geopolitics
the study of the effects of economic geography on the powers of the state
27
Gerrymander
an act of gerrymandering (dividing a voting area so as to give your own party an unfair advantage)
28
Global commons
no one person or state may own or control and which is central to life. A global common contains an infinite potential with regard to the understanding and advancement of the biology and society of all life. (Forests, oceans, land mass and cultural identity)
29
Heartland/rimland
Heartland is the central region of a country or continent; especially a region that is important to a country or to a culture. Rimland is the maritime fringe of a country or continent
30
Immigrant states
a type of receiving state which is the target of many immigrants. Popular because of their economy, political freedom, and opportunity. One example would be the USA
31
Boundary Disputes Definitional
conflict over the language of the border agreeement in a treaty or boundary contract
32
Boundary Disputes Locational
focus on delimitation or demarcation of boundary
33
Boundary Disputes Operational
arises due to a conflict about the administration of a boundary
34
Boundary Disputes Allocational
focus on baoundaries (especially on the sea floor while in search of resources
35
Boundary Origin Antecedent
boundary that was created before the present day cultural landscape developed
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Boundary Origin Subsequent
boundary evolved as the cultural landscape of an area took shape
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Boundary Origin Superimposed
boundary that is forcibly drawn across a unified cultural landscape
38
Boundary Origin Relic
A border that has ceased to function but whose imprints are still evident of the cultural landscape
39
Boundary Process Definition
the beginning point and the end point of a process
40
Boundary Process Delimitation
is the term used to describe the drawing of boundaries, but is most often used to describe the drawing of electoral boundaries, specifically those of precincts, states, counties or other municaipalities
41
Boundary Process Demarcation
the act of setting and marking limits or boundaries
42
Boundary Type Natural/Physical
important physical features on Earth's surface can make good boundaries because they are easily seen, both on a map and on the ground. The three types of physical elements serve as boundaries between states: mountains, deserts, and water
43
Boundary Type Ethnographic/culture, geometric
the boundaries between some states coincide with differences in ethnicity, especially language and religion. Other cultural boundaries are drawn according to geometry; they simply are straight lines drawn on a map, although good reasons alwasy exist for where the lines are located. Boundaries between countries have been where possible to separate speakers of different languages or followers of different religions. A nation-state exists when the boundaries of a state match the boundaries of the territory inhabited by an ethnic group. Problems exist when the boundaries do not match
44
International organization
an alliance of two or more countries seeking cooperation with each other without giving up either's autonomy or self-determination
45
Iron Curtain
an impenetrable barrier to communication or information especially as imposed by rigid censorship and secrecy; a political barrier that isolated the people of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to trabel outside the region
46
Irredentism
a policy of cultural extension and potential political expansion by a country aimed at a group of its nationals living in a neighboring country
47
Israel/Palestine
A religious conflict
48
Landlocked
a stae that is completely surrounded by the land of other states, which gives it a disadvantage in terms of accessibility to and from international trade routes
49
Law of the Sea
law establishing states' rights and responsibilites concerning the ownership and use of the earth's seas and oceans and their resources
50
Halford J. Mackinder
was an English geographer and is considered one of the founding fathers of both geopolitics and geostrategy
51
Manifest Destiny
the belief that the United States was destined to stretch across the continent from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean
52
Median-line principle
statement in UNCLOS declaring that when there is not enough water for each country on o0pposite sides of the sea to have 200 nautical miles of exclusive economic zone, the two or more countries involved will divide the water evenly
53
Microstate
state that encompasses a very small land area
54
Ministate
an imprecise term for a territory, extremely small in both area and population
55
Nation
tightly knit group of individuals sharing a common language, ethnicity, religion, and other cultural attributes
56
National iconography
figural representations, either individual or symbolic, religious or secualr; more broadly, the art of representation by picutres or images, which may or may not have a symbolic as well as an apparent or superficial meaning
57
Nation-state
a cuntry whose population possesses a substantial degree of cultural homogeneity and unity
58
Nunavut
an arctic territory in northern Canada created in 1999 and governed solely by the Inuit
59
Raison d'être
reason for being; the purpose that justifies a thing's existence
60
Reapportionment
the process of a reallocation of elecctoral seats to deifined territories
61
Regionalism
a foreign policy that defines the international interests of a country in terms of particular geographic areas
62
Religious conflict
conflicts between religions that has often resulted in bloodshed
63
Reunification
the unification of something that was previously divided; used especially of a country
64
Satellite state
national state that is economically dependent and poitically and militarily subservient to another--in its orbit, figuratively speaking
65
Self-determination
the right of a nation to govern itself autonomously
66
Shatterbelt
a large, strategically located region that is occupied by a number of conflicting interests of adjoining Great Powers; a zone of chronic political spilintering and fracturing
67
Sovereignty
supreme or independent political power
68
State
a politically organized territory that is administered by a sovereign government and is recognized by the international community
69
Stateless ethnic groups
ethnic groups that share certain cultural, political, and/or historic qualities, such as religion, location, or art, but do not share enough qualities to be recognized as a nationality/nation and have no state(homeland) that is politically recognized as belonging to them
70
Stateless nation
a nation that does not have a state
71
Suffrage
the right to vote
72
Supranationalism
a venture involving three or more nation-states involving formal political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives
73
Territorial disputes
any dispute over land ownership
74
Territorial morphology compact
a country in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly
75
Territorial morphology fragmented
a country that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory
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Territorial morphology elongated
a country with a long, narrow shape
77
Territorial morphology prorupt
an otherwise compact country with a large projecting extension
78
Territorial morphology perforated
a country that completely surrounds another state
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Territoriality
in political geography a country's or a more local community's sense of property and attachment toward its territory, as expressed by its desire to keep it inviolable and strongly defended
80
Theocracy
a state whose government is either believed to be divinely guided or a state under the control of a group of religious leaders
81
Treaty ports
a port kept open for foreign trade according to the terms of a treat, especially formerly in China, Korea, and Japan
82
UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea)
is the international agreement that resulted from the third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, which took place from 1973 through 1982
83
Unitary
a state governed constitutionally as a unit, without internal divisions or a federalist delegation of powers
84
USSR collapse
the primary causes were political and economic and they were result of the culture of war
85
Women's enfranchisement
the right of women to vote; exercise of the franchise by women

AP HUG (7 decks)

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