UNIT 4: Race and Ethnicity

Question 1

Class 13

Answer 1

partner formation, particularly across racial and ethnic lines, is influenced by a complex interplay of demographics, gender, societal biases, cultural norms within communities, and individual preferences

Question 2

Class 14

Answer 2

Colonization → cultural genocide → imposition of homophobia and the gender binary

Question 3

Bacchus “Shifting Sexual Boundaries: Ethnicity and Pre-Marital Sex in the
Lives of South Asian American Women.”- main point

Answer 3

south Asian women and cultural expectations and pre-marital sex
- south Asian American women navigate conflicting cultural expectation
- traditional values often clash with western norms of sexual autonomy
- women use secrecy and discretion to balance familial and personal expectations

Question 4

Bacchus “Shifting Sexual Boundaries: Ethnicity and Pre-Marital Sex in the
Lives of South Asian American Women.”- example

Answer 4

technical virginity- engaging in sexual activities other than vaginal intercourse to maintain their perceived purity while still exploring their sexuality

Question 5

Kao, Grace, Kelly Stamper Balistreri, and Kara Joyner. 2018. “Asian American Men in
Romantic Dating Markets.”- main point

Answer 5

racial stereotypes that impact dating and sexual desirability
- racial hierarchies in dating markets privilege whiteness and masculinity
- Media representations contribute to the feminization and desexualization of Asian men.

Question 6

Kao, Grace, Kelly Stamper Balistreri, and Kara Joyner. 2018. “Asian American Men in
Romantic Dating Markets.”- example

Answer 6

The study found that Asian men are often perceived as less masculine in dating markets, a stereotype rooted in Hollywood portrayals of submissive or nerdy Asian male characters, such as Long Duk Dong from Sixteen Candles.

Question 7

O’Brien, Suzanne J. Crawford. 2021. Religion and Culture in Native America.- main point

Answer 7

indigenous spiritual traditions recognize multiple gender identities, but colonialization and Christianity imposed binary frameworks-
- modern activists are trying to revive traditional gender systems

Question 8

O’Brien, Suzanne J. Crawford. 2021. Religion and Culture in Native America.- example

Answer 8

The study found that Asian men are often perceived as less masculine in dating markets, a stereotype rooted in Hollywood portrayals of submissive or nerdy Asian male characters, such as Long Duk Dong from Sixteen Candles.

Question 9

Klassen Two Spirits, One Struggle: The Front Lines of Being First Nations and
Gay.”- main point

Answer 9

• Colonialism disrupted Indigenous gender and sexual identities in North America= marginalization of two spirit people
• two spirit historically respected, but faced erasure under colonial rule
• reclaiming pre-colonial traditions- resurgence of two-spirit identity

Question 10

Klassen Two Spirits, One Struggle: The Front Lines of Being First Nations and
Gay.”- example

Answer 10

Navajo and Lakota respected the 2spirit individuals as spiritual leaders- Christian missionaries and residential schools suppressed these identities, forcing many LGBTQ to hide their gender and sexuality

Question 11

Robinson, Margaret. 2020. “Two-Spirit Identity in a Time of Gender Fluidity.”- main point

Answer 11

Two-Spirit individuals navigate dual marginalization from both Indigenous and LGBTQ+ communities.
- their identity is shaped by both traditional cultural roles and modern gender fluidity
- two spirit movement challenges western conceptions of gender and sexuality

Question 12

Robinson, Margaret. 2020. “Two-Spirit Identity in a Time of Gender Fluidity.”- example

Answer 12

internalized Christian colonially values and LGBTQ spaces that prioritize western gender identities = struggle for acceptance

Question 13

class 13 example- racialized dating and preferences

Answer 13

same ethnicity or race
racial hierarchy
- women send/respond more to white men
- most ignored: black women and men
- Asian and Latino women prefer white men+ their own race/ethnicity
negative stereotypes- Asian men being excluded despite higher income and education

Question 14

class 14- example

Answer 14

understanding of humans beyond the binary- (varies between nations, grounded in specific beliefs)
- two spirit- western lens, forcing into western boxes
- some tribal courts, and community ideals have been shifted- some tribes not allowing same-sex marriages as they are sovereign nations
- generational teachings
- colonization–> past knowledge being erased
- indigenous women most likely to identify with something that is not straight (more young people than old)