Unit 4 Review

Question 1

What is a survivorship curve?

Answer 1

A line that displays the relative survival rate of a cohort in a population from birth and death.

Question 2

What is a cohort?

Answer 2

A group of individuals of the same age.

Question 3

Describe Type I (survivorship curve)

Answer 3

Mostly K-Selected. High survivorship until late life.

Question 4

Describe Type II (survivorship curve)

Answer 4

In between r and K. Steadily decreasing survivorship.

Question 5

Describe Type III (survivorship curve).

Answer 5

Mostly r-selected. High mortality in early life; few make it to midlife; even fewer make it to adulthood.

Question 6

What is carrying capacity?

Answer 6

The maximum number of individuals in a population that an ecosystem can support (based on limiting resources).

Question 7

List the three limiting resources.

Answer 7

Food, water, habitat

Question 8

Define overshoot.

Answer 8

When a population briefly exceeds carrying capacity.

Question 9

What is the consequence of an overshoot?

Answer 9

Resource depletion.

Question 10

Define die-off.

Answer 10

A sharp decrease in population size when resource depletion (overshoot) leads to many individuals dying.

Question 11

Describe what the “size” of a population is.

Answer 11

The total number of individuals in a given area at a given time.

Question 12

Describe what the “density” of a population is.

Answer 12

The number of individuals/area.

Question 13

Describe what the “distribution” of a population is.

Answer 13

How individuals in a population are spaced out compared to each other.

Question 14

Define sex ratio.

Answer 14

Ratio of males to females.

Question 15

What are density-dependent factors?

Answer 15

Factors that influence population growth based on size (food, light, competition for habitat, disease).

Question 16

What are density-independent factors?

Answer 16

Factors that influence population growth independent of their size (natural disasters).

Question 17

What is biotic potential?

Answer 17

The maximum potential growth rate with no limiting resources.

Question 18

How do you calculate population size?

Answer 18

(immigrations + births) - (emigrations + deaths)

Question 19

What pyramid shape indicates rapid growth?

Answer 19

Extreme pyramid shape

Question 20

Which pyramid shape indicates slow, stable growth?

Answer 20

Less extreme pyramid

Question 21

Which pyramid shape indicates stable, little to no growth?

Answer 21

House shape

Question 22

Which pyramid shape indicates a declining population?

Answer 22

Narrowest at base.

Question 23

Define total fertility rate (TFR).
Relationship between TFR and growth rate?

Answer 23

The average number of children a woman in a population will bear throughout her lifetime.

Higher TFR=higher population growth rate

Question 24

Define replacement level fertility.
Which countries is this highest in?

Answer 24

The TFR required to offset deaths in a population and keep population size stable.

Higher in less developed countries.

Question 25

Define infant mortality rate (IMR). Which countries is this the highest in? Relationship between IMR and TFR?

Answer 25

The number of deaths of children under 1 year per 1,000 people in a population. Higher in less developed countries. Higher IMR=higher TFR

Question 26

What are the factors in IMR decline?

Answer 26

Access to clean water, healthcare, and a more reliable food supply. Development, affluence, government policy.

Question 27

Summarize Malthusian Theory.

Answer 27

Earth has a carrying capacity based on food production.

Question 28

List factors that increase population growth.

Answer 28

High TFR, high IMR, high immigration, increased access to clean water and healthcare.

Question 29

List factors that decrease population growth.

Answer 29

High death rate, high IMR, Increased development, increased education for women, delayed age of first child, and postponement of marriage age.

Question 30

What is standard of living?

Answer 30

What the quality of life is like for people of a country based on GDP and life expectancy.

Question 31

What is the relationship between GDP, life expectancy, and standard of living?

Answer 31

High GDP and life expectancy are both indicators of development and low population growth.

Question 32

Define industrialization.

Answer 32

The process of economic and social transition from an agrarian (farming) economy to an industrial one ( manufacturing based).

Question 33

What are the four stages of development status?

Answer 33

1) Pre-industrial. 2) Industrializing. 3) Developed/Industrialized. 4) Post-Industrialized.