Unit 4 Review

Question 1

Which phylum of bacteria has the largest metabolic diversity and the highest significance in medicine/ agriculture/ industry?

Answer 1

proteobacteria

Question 2

Describe the metabolic diversity in proteobacteria

Answer 2

I. Aerobic: need oxygen
II. Anaerobic: don’t need oxygen
III. Microaerophilic: need O2, but in lower levels than what’s present in the atmosphere

A. Chemolithotrophs: oxidation of inorganic compounds for energy
B. Chemoorganotrophs: obtains energy from the oxidation of reduced organic compounds
C. Phototrophs: use light as energy

Question 3

Based on 16S r RNA, Proteobacteria can be divided into 6 classes:

Answer 3

1. Alphaproteobacteria
2. Betaproteobacteria
3. Gammaproteobacteria
4. Deltaproteobacteria
5. Epsilonproteobacteria
6. Zetaproteobacteria

Question 4

Give 4 examples of alphaproteobacteria

Answer 4

1. Phodopseudomonas
2. Nitrobacter
   These are both rhizobia (plant symbionts)
3. Rickettsia: obligate intracellular parasite
4. Wolbachia: metabolically specialized to use glutamate or glutamine as energy source

Question 5

Rickettsia rickettsii and Wolbachia pipientis are in which group of proteobacteria? Give some info about each

Answer 5

alphaproteobacteria

Rickettsia rickettsii= commonly called Rocky Mountain spotted fever (intracellular parasite)

Wolbachia pipientis= colonizes insect egg. Metabolically specialized to use glutamate or glutamine as energy source

Question 6

Neisseriales are __proteobacteria

Answer 6

beta

Question 7

Neisseriales meningitidis is a ____proteobacteria that causes:

Answer 7

beta
potentially fatal inflammation of the membranes lining the brain

Question 8

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a __proteobacteria, and is the causative agent of ____

Answer 8

beta
gonorrhea

Question 9

Methylophilales are __proteobacteria.

Answer 9

beta

Question 10

Nitrosomonadales are __proteobacteria

Answer 10

beta

Question 11

__proteobacteria are the largest and most diverse class of proteobacteria

Answer 11

gamma

Question 12

gammaproteobacteria are well-known ____ and are commonly referred to as “___ bacteria”

Answer 12

pathogens
enteric

Question 13

T/F
All gammaproteobacteria do fermenation (no oxygen involved): substrate level phosphitylation (SLP)

Answer 13

true

Question 14

Escherichia coli is a __proteobacteria that has a nutritional role in the intestinal tract (Vitamin K).
- helps oxygen consumption in __ (makes it anoxic)
- has ____ strains that can cause urinary tract infections etc

Answer 14

gamma
gut
pathogenic

Question 15

Enterobacter aerogenes is a __proteobacteria.
- found in water and _____
- In intestinal tract
- Causes _____ infections

Answer 15

gamma
sewage
urinary

Question 16

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a ___proteobacteria.
- Found in soils and ____ (occasionally in humans)
- Fixes ___, which is unique in enteric bacteria

Answer 16

gamma
water
N2

Question 17

Salmonella is a ___proteobacteria
- Is it always pathogenic?
- Causes ____ fever and gastroenteritis

Answer 17

gamma

Yes!
typhoid

Question 18

Proteus is a ___proteobacteria.
- Has highly __ cells
- Produces the enzyme “_______”
- causes ___ infections

Answer 18

gamma
motile
urease
urinary tract

Question 19

Shigella dysenteriae is a ___proteobacteria.
- It contains ____
- Invades ____ cells
- Excretes a ___toxin
- Causes acute GIT distress

Answer 19

gamma
endotoxin
epithelial
neuro

Question 20

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ___proteobacteria
- It’s often found in people who:
- Is it known to be resistant to antibiotics?

Answer 20

gamma
very common in people receiving treatment after burns/ skin issues. Also found in people with cystic fibrosis

• Yes, very resistant to antibiotics. B/c of R plasmid

Question 21

Vibrio cholerae is the cause of the disease _____ in humans

Answer 21

cholera

Question 22

Deltaproteobacteria consist of 4 main groups:

Answer 22

• sulfate reducers
• sulfur reducers
• iron reducers
• predator bacteria

Question 23

List 4 famous deltaproteobacteria

Answer 23

bdellovibrio
myxococcus
desulfovibrio
geobacter

Question 24

Give 2 famous genera of epsilonproteobacteria

Answer 24

• helicobacter
• campylobacter

Question 25

T/F Epsilonproteobacteria can be gram negative, motile, pathogenic, or gram positive

Answer 25

false All true except gram positive

Question 26

Campylobacter species are __proteobacteria, and they cause:

Answer 26

epsilon acute gastroenteritis (bloody diarrhea)

Question 27

Helicobacter pylori is a ___proteobacteria, and lives in the ___

Answer 27

epsilon gut

Question 28

Helicobacter pyloriis a ___proteobacterial pathogen, which causes: - How does it survive in the acidic gut?

Answer 28

epsilon both chronic and acute gastritis, leading to the formation of peptic ulcers Low pH triggers urease enzyme expression. Urease degrades urea to ammonia and CO2 --> ammonia consumes H+ in the bacteria cytoplasm, protecting it from acidification

Question 29

Mariprofundus ferrooxydans is a ___proteobacteria. - It's a(n) ____-oxidizer - Is it Microaerophilic or anoxic? - Give the energy source

Answer 29

zeta iron Microaerophilic Fe2+ energy source, O2 acceptor

Question 30

What does FAT Bacteria stand for?

Answer 30

Firmicutes actinobacteria tenericutes (FAT)

Question 31

Firmicutes are ____ _____ Bacteria

Answer 31

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB)

Question 32

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB)=

Answer 32

gram positive microorganisms known as the main safe industiral-scale producers of lactic acid (LA)

Question 33

Give 2 famous genera of LAB (lactic acid bacteria)

Answer 33

Lactobacillus Streptococcus

Question 34

Lactobacillus delbruecki is what kind of bacteria? - It's used in the preparation of _____

Answer 34

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) ie a firmicute yogurt

Question 35

Streptococcus thermophilus is what kind of bacteria? - It's used in the preparation of _____

Answer 35

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) ie a firmicute cheese (responsible for acidification)

Question 36

T/F Streptococcus thermophilus (yogurt) symbiotically grows with Lactobacillus delbrueckii (cheese)

Answer 36

true!

Question 37

Streptococcus pyogenes is a LAB that causes ___ ___

Answer 37

strep throat

Question 38

Streptococcus viridans is a LAB that causes ___ _____

Answer 38

dental caries

Question 39

Streptococcus can have I. Incomplete B-hemolysis or II. Complete B-hemolysis Which group (pyogenes, viridans) belongs to which? Explain what the colonies of each would look like

Answer 39

I. Incomplete B-hemolysis - pyogenes - round-shaped colonies with a smooth surface II. Complete B-hemolysis - viridans group - greening agar under colonies

Question 40

Firmicutes can be __-____ bacteria or ____ bacteria

Answer 40

non-sporulating sporulating

Question 41

Give 2 famous genera of firmicutes that are non-sporulating bacteria

Answer 41

- listeria - staphylococcus

Question 42

Listeria monocytogenes= - used as a vector for ____ immunotherapy

Answer 42

a non-sporulating bacteria (firmicute) cancer

Question 43

Staphylococcus epidermidis is a ______. - Is it pathogenic? - Where is it found?

Answer 43

Firmicute non-pathogenic organism - found on the skin or mucus membranes

Question 44

Staphylococcus aureus is a firmicute that's associated with:

Answer 44

pathological conditions like pneumonia, osteomyelitis, meningitis, and arthritis

Question 45

2 famous endospore-producing genera of firmicutes are

Answer 45

- Bacillus - clostridium

Question 46

endospores tend to live in the ____

Answer 46

soil

Question 47

Bacillus is a sporulating _____

Answer 47

firmicute

Question 48

Bacillus thuringiensis is a fatal disease in ____ This is a _____ firmicute

Answer 48

insects sporulating