Unit 4 Scientific, Philosophical, and Political Developments

Question 1

Enlightenment

Answer 1

European intellectual movement in the 18th century that applied new methods of rational thinking and the scientific method to social and human institutions

Question 2

Aristotle

Answer 2

Believed Earth was at the center of the universe (geocentric model of the universe)

Question 3

Causes of the Scientific Revolution

Answer 3

I. Universities
II. Renessaince
III. Printing Press

Question 4

Nicolaus Copernicus

Answer 4

Put forth the heliocentric model of the universe (the sun was at the enter and the planets revolved around it)

Question 5

Johannes Kepler

Answer 5

I. Planets orbit the sun not in perfect circles but rather in ellipses
II. Planets move faster when closer to the sun and slower when farther away
III. Time a planet takes to orbit the sun is exactly related to its distance from the sun

Question 6

Isaac Newton

Answer 6

Law of Universal Gravitation; Gravity is what kept all the planets revolving in relation to one another

Question 7

Galen

Answer 7

Humoral Theory; Body was composed of four substances: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm

Question 8

Paracelsus

Answer 8

Believed chemical imbalances caused disease

Question 9

William Harvey

Answer 9

Discovered that the circulatory system was an integrated whole

Question 10

Empiricism

Answer 10

The pursuit of knowledge through inductive reason

Question 11

Philosophe

Answer 11

French word for philosophers

Question 12

The Spirit of Laws

Answer 12

In this book, Montesquieu argued that separating power into multiple branches of government so that each branch could check the other was the only way to avoid tyranny and encourage equality

Question 13

Voltaire

Answer 13

Criticism of the social and religious institutions of France

Question 14

Denis Diderot

Answer 14

Responsible for cataloging the new Enlightenment worldview in the Encyclopedia

Question 15

Salon

Answer 15

Private meetings held in opulent houses where the intellegencia openly discussed and debated new ideas

Question 16

Coffeehouses

Answer 16

Where the general public could discuss ideas of the day

Question 17

Second Treatise on Civil Gov.

Answer 17

Written by John Locke; Expressed that people were born with rights to life, liberty, and property, and those rights were granted by the creator

Question 18

The Social Contract

Answer 18

Book by Rousseau; He argued that the power to govern was in the hands of the people

Question 19

The Wealth of Nations

Answer 19

Book by Adam Smith; Attacked the mercantilist policies of European nations and argued that people should make economic decisions based on the law of supply and demand

Question 20

Physiocrats

Answer 20

French economic thinkers

Question 21

Robert Jacques Turgot

Answer 21

Advocated for laissez faire economics in France and argued that the gov. should have a minimal role in economics

Question 22

Deism

Answer 22

There is a God, but that God is uninvolved in human affairs (like a clockmaker who put all the gears of the universe together, wound it up, and let it tick away)

Question 23

Skepticism

Answer 23

David Hume - Since God or the creation of the universe cannot be interpreted through the senses, then they’re not legitimate articles of knowledge

Question 24

Atheism

Answer 24

The belief that no God exists

Question 25

Pietism

Answer 25

Led by Nicolas Von Zizendorf and taught that true religious experience was not just about belonging to a church but rather, was bound up in the mystical personal religion experience

Question 26

Baron de Montesquieu

Answer 26

Father of separation of powers and checks and balances

Question 27

Michel de Montaigne

Answer 27

Adopted a practice of profound introspection

Question 28

Jean Bodin

Answer 28

Developed a theory of absolute sovereignty; He argued that the state’s paramount duty is to maintain order

Question 29

Thomas Hobbes

Answer 29

In Leviathan, he argued that any form of gov. might act as an all-powerful sovereign

Question 30

Cartisians

Answer 30

Followers of Descartes

Question 31

Nature

Answer 31

State of being untouched by human agency

Question 32

Inductive Reasoning

Answer 32

Amassing evidence from many discrete observations to draw general conclusions (Bacon)

Question 33

Deductive Reasoning

Answer 33

Proceeding logically from one known certainty to another (Descartes)

Question 34

Baconian

Answer 34

Bacon followers