Unit 4 Test Flashcards
1
Q
Attribution Theory
A
- Explains why behaviors happen
- Includes dispositional and situational attributions
2
Q
Dispositional Attributions
A
- Internal (a result of who we are)
- Our behaviors are attributed to our personality traits and who we are - Relatively unchanging
3
Q
Situational Attributions
A
- External (environmental factors)
- Our behaviors are attributed to the environment and things outside of our control
- Relatively temporary
4
Q
Fundamental Attribution Error
A
- Our tendency to overestimate the effect of dispositional factors in an individual’s behavior and minimize the effect of situational factors
- Includes actor observer bias and self serving bias
5
Q
Actor Observer Bias
A
- Tendency to overemphasize personality attributions and underemphasize situational attributions for people we don’t know/like
- E.g. if we see someone getting pulled over speeding, we might think that they are reckless and deserve getting a ticket
- We are less likely to think of the situation that may have motivated them to speed
6
Q
Self Serving Bias
A
- Tendency to overemphasize situational attributions and underemphasize personal attributions for ourselves or people we like
- E.g. if we miss a goal, then we had a bad angle/bad weather/bad day
- E.g. if you did well on a group project, you are more likely to point out the parts you did and how hard you worked
7
Q
Confirmation Bias
A
- When we focus on examples that support what we already think and support our bias or partially
- When we find samples/people that refute us, we tend to ignore, dismiss, or downplay it
- E.g. if someone says that social media is harmful for social engagement, someone else might downplay it and say that social media helps to foster connections just because they enjoy social media
8
Q
Representative Heuristic
A
- Estimating the likelihood of an event by comparing it to an existing bias that already exists in our mind
- E.g. if we see a tall person, we might think that they play basketball because basketball players are tall
- Includes base rate fallacy
9
Q
Base Rate Fallacy
A
- Ignores statistics and overemphasizes anecdotal evidence
- E.g. someone who got the flu shot gets the flu, so many people think that the flu shot does not work at all
10
Q
Anchoring Bias
A
- Binds you to your first impression
- We rely too much on a first impression
- E.g. when we see an item discounted, you think that you are getting a great deal even if the sale price might be the original price at another store
- E.g. if you meet someone and think that they are rude and unpleasant, you might have a hard time rewriting your view of them
11
Q
Belief Perseverance
A
- Even when faced with information that contradicts our beliefs, we are reluctant or unwilling to shift our beliefs
- E.g. many people still believe that vaccines cause autism because of one published study despite science proving against that claim
12
Q
Locus of Control
A
- The amount of control individuals perceive they have other the events that unfold in their lives
- Can be influenced by cultural influences (individualist or collectivist)
- Needs balance b/c having strictly internal or external locus of control can be harmful to mental wellness
13
Q
Internal Locus of Control
A
- Life events are a result of personal effort
- Person believes they have control over what happens in their day to day
- Strictly internal can lead to self-blame and overidentification and frustration when things are truly beyond your control
14
Q
External Locus of Control
A
- Life events are a result of outside influences
- Life happens so a lot of things are out of your control and not something you can influence
- Other people
- External forces (luck, fate, nature, etc.)
- Strictly external can lead to learned helplessness or may result in a person refusing to accept personal responsibility
15
Q
Mere Exposure Effect
A
- Results when we are regularly exposed to something
- Frequency leads to familiarity and familiarity leads to positive perceptions
- E.g. types of food people like can be based on what they ate growing up
- E.g. type of music people like could be based on what is popular at the time
16
Q
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
A
- A false belief about a situation brings about a new behavior and this is reinforcing the false belief which makes it seem more true, event when it is not
- E.g. someone gets their test scores mixed up so it seems like Sally got a perfect 1600 on the SAT and she begins to be treated as brilliant and she lives up to this treatment
- E.g. someone gets labeled as a bad influence so they are treated with distrust and the person starts behaving in ways that confirm this belief, thus reinforcing
17
Q
Relative Deprivation
A
- We may feel great about something until we learn someone else’s “better” achievement
- This can result in our previous excitement or content feelings being diminished
- E.g. parents give you keys to the old family car when you get your license and you are happy until your friend is given a brand new car
- Now, you are disappointed with what you have even though you were perfectly happy
18
Q
Implicit Attitude or Bias
A
- Occurs with little or no conscious level of awareness
- E.g. when people hear kindergarten teacher, they are most likely to picture a woman without really being conscious about it
19
Q
Just-World Phenomenon
A
- We like to see the world as a just, fair place
- Good things happen to good people, bad things happen to bad people
20
Q
In-Group Bias
A
- Preferences toward people we identify with in some aspect of social identity
- E.g. social science teachers sitting with social science teachers
21
Q
Out-Group Bias
A
- Overgeneralization about groups of people with whom we don’t personal identify
- E.g. all math teachers are the same
22
Q
Cognitive Dissonance
A
- When we hold two things in our mind that are in conflict with one another which creates a state of imbalance
- E.g. I don’t like the business practices of Amazon but I will still purchase from Amazon all the time
23
Q
Social Norms
A
- Unwritten expectations we have when we are in different situations
- We behave how we think we are supposed to behave
- E.g. you wouldn’t wear a t-shirt and shorts to prom
24
Q
Central Route to Persuasion
A
- Changing people’s attitudes through facts, details, and logic
- More consistent
25
Peripheral Route to Persuasion
- Change people’s attitudes through peripheral influences (emotions, attractiveness, preferences)
- More temporary
26
Halo Effect
- One good trait influences overall perception
- E.g. Sally is a good student academically, therefore, she is a good person so your parents are happy that you want to hang out with her
- E.g. pretty people are better for marketing
27
Pitchfork Effect
- One bad trait influences overall perception
- E.g. Bobby has gotten in trouble at school, so your parents do not want you to hang out with him
- E.g. if someone had an affair, you would not think of them as a good leader
28
Normative Conformities
- Similar to peer pressure
- Doing things b/c others are doing it
29
Informational Conformities
- When someone thinks differently from a group, they think that something is wrong with them
- E.g. getting a different answer, so complying with the group even though you know you have a different answer
30
Social Influence Theory
- We feel social pressure to behave in a certain way
31
Normative Social Influence
- We go along to fit in and meet the social norms we evaluate
32
Informational Social Influence
- We go along because information dictates an action or behavior is correct
33
Multiculturalism
- Embracing diversity
34
Groupthink
- When individual voices are stifled in a group setting out of desire for harmony or fear of retribution
- E.g. Topic for group project
- E.g. Nazi Germany
35
Group Polarization
- When groups of like minded people come together and leave feeling more sure of their thoughts than when they arrived
- E.g. club meetings
- E.g. political conventions
36
Diffusion of Responsibility
- Assumption that when other people are around, someone else will be responsible for helping
37
Bystander Effect
- The more people present, the less likely an individual will act on another person’s needs
- E.g. Kitty Genovese - Woman in New York murdered with others nearby
38
Pluralistic Ignorance
- Our tendency to not act in logical ways when there are multiple people around doing the same thing
- E.g. if there is smoke in a room, but others aren't leaving, you'll most likely not leave
39
Social Facilitation
- Helps
- Individuals perform better on a task when others are present
- E.g. athletes performance when training with others
40
Social Loafing
- Hinders
- People are more likely to slack of when working in a group setting
- That one person in a group project
41
Deindividuation
- When individuals lose their sense of self when they are part of a group, anonymous, playing a part
- Occurs regularly in online forums, especially when anonymous
- Occurs when people are in rallies/protests
42
Situational Variables
- External factors that can affect a study
43
Attentional Variables
- Whether or not we notice the situation
44
Superordinate Goals
- Goals that can be completed easier when two or more social groups work together
45
Social Traps
- When individuals are more concerned about their own interest ahead of a group
E.g. overfishing
46
Social Reciprocity Norm
- When one does something good, the other person will do the same good deed back
47
Social Debt
When someone does a good deed and you feel like you owe them
48
Reciprocity
- Returning the favor to repay the social debt
49
Social Responsibility Norm
- Belief that you should assist those in need or do the right thing
50
Sigmund Freud
- Profoundly influential figure in psychology
- Father of psychoanalysis
- Believed personality was influenced by:
- Childhood
- Unconscious
- Sexual and aggressive impulses (libido)
- Anxiety driven defense mechanisms
51
Neo-Freudians
- Carl Jung
- Alfred Adler
- Karen Horney
52
Psychodynamic approach to personality
- Childhood
- Unconscious
- Anxiety driven defense mechanisms
53
Id
- Pleasure principle; impulses
- First to develop
- Completely unconscious
- Seeks wants
54
Ego
- Reality principle
- Second to develop
- Negotiates between impulses and conscience
- Largely conscious
55
Superego
- Your conscience of right and wrong
- Last to develop
- Conscious and unconscious
- Before developed, role filled by parental figures
56
Denial
- Refusing to accept a reality
- E.g. showing up to work after being fired; thinking a college rejection was sent to the wrong applicant
57
Displacement
- Taking out unpleasant feelings on another target (person or otherwise)
- E.g. yelling at a parent for a crappy day at school; punching the wall out of frustration
58
Projection
- Putting your unpleasant feelings onto someone else as if they are theirs
- E.g. believing your friend is angry with you when you’ve been annoyed with them lately
59
Rationalization
- Using logic to justify an unacceptable behavior
- E.g. saying stealing is not that bad because the business makes loads of money and what you took wouldn’t matter
60
Reaction Formation
- Portraying the opposite of how you feel
- E.g. parent who questions having a child being outwardly loving and caring toward baby
61
Regression
- Reverting back to an earlier age of development
- E.g. hugging your teddy bear on your bed in college after a hard day
62
Repression
- Pushing difficult thoughts or memories into your unconscious mind to protect your conscious mind
- E.g. blocking out traumatic experiences or simply a deadline
63
Sublimation
- Aggressive, less acceptable behaviors are channeled to more acceptable ways
- E.g. an argumentative student joins debate
64
Projection Tests
- Tools that allow a client to project place their unconscious onto an outward source
65
Research Inkblot Tests
- Symmetrical, ambiguous images that people identify by the first thing that comes to mind
- Supposed to reveal something about an individual’s unconscious
66
Thematic Apperception Test
- Ambiguous images that people can tell a story about
Story reveals information about individual’s unconscious
67
Abraham Maslow
- Constantly moving toward the best version of ourselves (self-actualization)
- Developed the Hierarchy of Needs
68
Carl Rogers
- Wants people to live up to ideal self
- All people are innately good
- Bad action does not equal bad person
- Person centered perspective of personality
- Unconditional positive regard
- Allows us to let our guard down when we feel we have UPR from someone and can show our authentic selves
69
Albert Bandura's Influence on Social-Cognitive Perspective
- Remember Bobo Doll experiment
- Observing others is the social aspect
- How we think about something is the cognitive aspect
- These influence our self-efficacy (belief in your own ability), self-esteem (how you feel about yourself), and self-concept (who you understand yourself to be)
- Collectively referred to as reciprocal determinism
70
Reciprocal Determinism
- Three components that influence one another
-Personal Factors
- What you think, believe, and how you view yourself
- Environmental Factors
- What’s going on around you
- Behavior
- What you do
- E.g. you pride yourself on being a star baseball player and believe you have talent (personal); you have a strong coach and the program at your school is impressive (environmental); you show up, practice hard, and do your best (behavioral)
- Change any one factor and the others will be altered as well
- Continuous loop that feeds off one another
71
Gordon Allport
-Personality can be described in 7 or fewer terms
- Cardinal Traits - So strong that they play a role in nearly everything you do; dominant traits
- Central Traits - Main traits
- Secondary Traits - Differ depending on circumstances
72
Factor Analysis
- Use of statistic procedure to cluster similar traits into one overarching trait
- E.g. lively, social, and outgoing cluster into extraversion
73
Hans Eysenck
- Used factor analysis to identify people along an introversion and extraversion continuum as well as emotionally stable and unstable continuum
74
The Big Five
- OCEAN
Openness
- Degree of intellectual curiosity, creativity, and preference for novelty
Conscientious
- Tendency to be organized and dependable
Extroversion
- Tendency to seek the company of others
Agreeable
- Measure of one’s trusting, helpful, and affectionate nature
Neurotic
- Predisposition to physiological stress
