Unit 4 - The Industrial Revolution, Immigration, & Urbanization

Question 1

What other industries grew as a result of the growth of the steel industry?

Answer 1

Railroads - steel used for rails, trains, etc.
Construction - steel used for bridges, taller buildings possible (skyscrapers)

Question 2

What term describes the growth of cities as more and more people are leaving rural areas (the country) and coming to the US from foreign countries?

Answer 2

Urbanization

Question 3

What name is given to a business which has driven out all competition and controls the market of a product?

Answer 3

monopoly

Question 4

This is used to create a stronger form of iron known as steel; its use caused a huge growth in the use of steel in many industries.

Answer 4

The Bessemer Process

Question 5

Thomas Edison’s invention of the light bulb caused the spread of and increase of the use of what power source?

Answer 5

Electricity

Question 6

Term used to describe an opposition by Americans to anyone who is not native born.

Answer 6

Nativism

Question 7

Why was the building of the Transcontinental Railroad such an important advance for the US?

Answer 7

It connected the eastern and western parts of the US

Question 8

How did the railroads overcome the problems of train schedules and different local times across the US?

Answer 8

They led the creation of a worldwide 24 hour time zone plan

Question 9

What immigrant groups were important in the building of the Transcontinental Railroad?

Answer 9

Irish, Mexican, Chinese

Question 10

Name two inventions that gave Americans the ability to communicate over long distances using electric current in wires.

Answer 10

Telegraph and Telephone

Question 11

In what industry did John Rockefeller create a monopoly and made many people see business owners as more powerful than even the US gov’t?

Answer 11

The Oil Industry

Question 12

Type of business organization in which a company sells shares of stock to investors and a board of directors and hired managers run the company.

Answer 12

A Corporation

Question 13

Why would a business owner want to create a corporation and sell stock in his company?

Answer 13

Raise money for expansion, research, producing new products

Question 14

What is a union?

Answer 14

An organization of workers in a business or industry who work together for better wages, hours, conditions, etc.

Question 15

What is a philanthropist?

Answer 15

A person who uses their resources (money, position, time) to do positive things for the welfare of their fellow man.

Question 16

What business term describes owning all the businesses involved in producing a product from the raw material, factory, to the finished product?

Answer 16

vertical integration

Question 17

At what location were many immigrants processed when arriving in New York City to live in the US?

Answer 17

Ellis Island

Question 18

What is a strike?

Answer 18

An action carried out by workers (sometimes in a union) where they stop working in order to get a business owner to give into their demands for better wages, hours, etc.

Question 19

What group of immigrants were excluded from coming to the US by law in 1882 and from becoming citizens if they were already in the country?

Answer 19

The Chinese

Question 20

Why were Asian (Chinese, Japanese, etc.) immigrants treated so differently than European immigrants coming to the US?

Answer 20

Racial prejudice,
Differences in Cultures, Languages, Religions were extremely different than “white” America

Question 21

What business practice involves taking over all the businesses which produce a certain product in order to control the industry? (Rockefeller did this by buying oil refineries)

Answer 21

horizontal integration

Question 22

Who built an empire of power and control in the Railroad Industry after getting his start with steamboats?

Answer 22

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Question 23

What types of philanthropic activities did Andrew Carnegie carry out with his millions?

Answer 23

building libraries
Carnegie Hall for the performing arts
Education foundations
Carnegie-Mellon University in Pittsburgh

Question 24

What innovations and inventions allowed the construction of skyscrapers in big cities?

Answer 24

Creation of steel for building frames
Electric Elevators

Question 25

As populations grew, how did large cities deal with crowded city streets?

Answer 25

Created methods of mass transit - street cars, cable cars, subways below ground.

Question 26

What types of problems for workers might lead them to form a labor union?

Answer 26

low wages, long hours, dangerous working conditions, unequal pay, etc.

Question 27

What are some of the “Push” factors that might make a person want to leave their home country and emigrate to the US?

Answer 27

Poor economy, lack of jobs, persecution, war, etc.

Question 28

What are some of the “Pull” factors that make a person want to come to the US as an immigrant?

Answer 28

Religious freedom, political participation, job opportunities, family or friends in the US, etc.

Question 29

What was Angel Island?

Answer 29

The immigration processing center near San Francisco used for persons coming from Asia.

Question 30

In what industry did many workers go on strike out of sympathy for the workers of the Pullman Company?

Answer 30

The Railroad Industry

Question 31

If you wanted to convince someone that child labor was a GOOD thing, what reasons would you give?

Answer 31

Families need the money
Kept the kids off the street / out of criminal activity
Taught them working skills for the future
Helped Am. businesses with cheap labor

Question 32

If you were opposed to the use of child labor in the workplace, what arguments would you give to end it?

Answer 32

Children should be in school
Danger and unhealthy conditions in the workplace
Continues a cycle of poverty in the future

Question 33

What were some of the problems in housing that many cities experienced as populations exploded?

Answer 33

Lack of proper water and sanitation services
Poor construction with few building standards and codes
Not enough police and fire protection

Question 34

What was a tenement?

Answer 34

Apartment housing in large cities that was overcrowded, unsafe, poorly ventilated, little or no sanitation, etc.

Question 35

What idea did many Americans support to explain why some people ‘survived’, thrived, and rose to the top in business and society, while others did not and were part of the lower working class?

Answer 35

Social Darwinism

Question 36

What were some of the problems that immigrants coming to the US would face when they arrived?

Answer 36

language barrier
finding a job, place to live
prejudice and discrimination
adapting to a new culture

Question 37

Describe life in the “company town” for a factory or mine worker.

Answer 37

Company owned housing, set rent prices and rules
Stores in towns owned by the company, set prices
Loss of job = loss of housing
Company controlled most aspects of life
No elected town officials

Question 38

On what theories and scientist was the term Social Darwinism based?

Answer 38

The theories of “survival of the fittest” and natural selection of Charles Darwin

Question 39

In what industry did Andrew Carnegie amass is fortune?

Answer 39

The Steel Industry

Question 40

What was a political machine?

Answer 40

A group of leaders in a political party that dominates the decisions of the party such as who the candidates will be, who jobs will go to after elections, etc.

Question 41

In what city did William “Boss” Tweed control the political workings and government of that city?

Answer 41

New York City

Question 42

What was Tammany Hall?

Answer 42

Headquarters of the Democratic Party in NYC and of the political machine run by Boss Tweed

Question 43

What name is given to using your political (government) position and influence for personal gain?

Answer 43

graft

Question 44

Describe the political practice of patronage

Answer 44

Giving government jobs to your friends and supporters that helped get you elected.

Question 45

What viewpoints about labor unions did many in the public develop because of violence during strikes and other activities of the unions?

Answer 45

Un-American, anti-capitalist, radical, communists

Question 46

What was the first consumer product from refined oil that made the oil industry grow?

Answer 46

kerosene

Question 47

Describe the differences between the “old” immigrants before 1880 and the “new” immigrants coming after this time.

Answer 47

Old - coming from N. & W. Europe, Protestant religions, culturally like original Amer. settlers
New - coming from E & S Europe, Catholic, Jewish, Orthodox, culturally much different (language, dress, etc.)

Question 48

In order to get around using the RR lines operated by Tom Scott and Andrew Carnegie for oil transportation, what did John Rockefeller do to transport his oil?

Answer 48

built pipelines